Biotech

• Pharmaceutical Biotechnology is a field that uses micro- and macro-organisms and cells to create pharmaceuticals, which are safer and more cost-effective than conventionally produced pharmaceuticals.
• The techniques used in pharmaceutical biotechnology arise primarily out of development in cell and molecular biology.
• Discovery Research in pharmaceutical biotechnology aims to increase our knowledge of basic cellular processes as well as disease states.
• Product Development in pharmaceutical biotechnology involves the development of useful products and their application.
• Antibiotics are a type of biological therapy used in pharmaceutical biotechnology.
• Adoptive cell transfer is a type of biological therapy used in pharmaceutical biotechnology.
• ASO (Gene silencing) is a type of biological therapy used in pharmaceutical biotechnology.
• Angiogenesis inhibitors are a type of biological therapy used in pharmaceutical biotechnology.
• Histone is a cluster of proteins (Octamer) that forms part of the nucleosome, the basic unit of chromatin.
• All cells have the same DNA, but the REST Complex is more active in the brain and in Teratomas.
• Epigenetics is the study of changes in phenotype that are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence.
• The shape of chromatin influences gene expression, which may account for a change in phenotype from the same genotype.
• Epigenetics includes phenotypic changes in a chromosome without alterations in the DNA sequence, such as histone modifications and DNA methylation.
• Epigenomics refers to the study of the complete set of epigenetic alterations.
• Differentiation in cells can lead to tightly wound DNA, which is referred to as heterochromatin, or loosely packed, open DNA, which is referred to as Euchromatin.
• N-termini in Histones are preferentially altered by DNA methylation.
• Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy is a type of biological therapy used in pharmaceutical biotechnology.
• Bisphenol A (BPA) reduces the methylation of the agouti gene in the laboratory.
• Larvae that develop into worker bees or queen bees are genetically identical.
• When Dnmt3 is turned "on," the larvae develop into the default "worker" variety and the queen genes are silenced (epigenetically).
• Key components of the methyl-making pathway, like folic acid and B-vitamins, are important to have in the proper balance in your diet.
• In a series of experiments, scientists determined that royal jelly silences a key gene (Dnmt3), which codes for an enzyme that silences a group of queen genes.
• A methyl-rich diet can counteract the effects of BPA on the epigenome.
• BPA is a compound used to make polycarbonate plastics.
• Queen bees are fed a "royal jelly" diet in "queen cups" that cause them to develop ovaries and a larger abdomen for egg laying.
• But when royal jelly turns Dnmt3 "off," the queen genes jump into action, turning the larvae into queens.
• Biochemotherapy is a type of biological therapy used in pharmaceutical biotechnology.
• Cancer vaccines are a type of biological therapy used in pharmaceutical biotechnology.
• Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a type of biological therapy used in pharmaceutical biotechnology.
• Cytokine therapy is a type of biological therapy used in pharmaceutical biotechnology.
• Gene therapy is a type of biological therapy used in pharmaceutical biotechnology.
• There is no textbook required for the course.
• Immune checkpoint modulators are a type of biological therapy used in pharmaceutical biotechnology.
• Immunoconjugates are a type of biological therapy used in pharmaceutical biotechnology.
• A chromosome consists of DNA molecules packed tightly and coiled around proteins called histones.
• Only 10% of human chromosomes code for genes.
• Human genome has approximately 20,000 genes.
• The nucleus and the cytoplasm are two different compartments in the cell.
• Transcription is the process where the DNA of the gene is transcribed into mRNA.
• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.