bio 4: human anatomy

• anatomy: the study of the structure of the human body
• physiology: the study of body function
• gross anatomy: studies the human body structures with naked eye
• systemic anatomy: organs with related functions are studied together
• regional anatomy: parts of the body that have similar characteristics are grouped together
• integumentary system: forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands
• skeletal system: protects and supports the body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movements. blood cells are formed within bones. bones store minerals
• muscular system: allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression. maintains posture and produces heat
• nervous system: as the fast acting control system of the body, it is responsible for the automatic responses of the body
• endocrine system: a system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
• cardiovascular system: the system of organs that transport blood around the body
• lymphatic/immune system: picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. disposes of debris in the lymphatic system. houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
• respiratory system: brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. air enters through nose or mouth and passes down trachea into bronchioles which lead to alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
• digestive system: breaks food down into smaller molecules so they can be absorbed by the body. consists of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum and anus.
• urinary system: filters waste products out of the blood and forms urine. kidneys filter blood, ureters carry urine to bladder, bladder stores urine until eliminated via urethra.
• reproductive system: overall function is production of offspring. testes produce sperm and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
• proximal: closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
• distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
• ipsilateral: on the same side
• contralateral: on opposite sides
• unilateral: on one side of the body
• bilateral: on both sides of the body
• abdominal: anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs
• acromial: point of the shoulder
• antebrachial: forearm
• antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow
• axillary: armpit
• brachial: arm
• buccal: cheek
• calcaneal: heel of the foot
• carpal: wrist
• cephalic: head
• cervical: neck region
• coxal: hip
• crural: leg
• digital: fingers or toes
• dorsal: back
• femoral: thigh
• fibular (peroneal): side of the leg
• frontal: forehead