General Physics 1

• Newton's first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia, states that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction, unless acted upon by an external force.
• Moment of Inertia in physics is a quantitative measure of the rotational inertia of a body, which depends upon the mass of the body, axis of rotation of the body and shape and size of the body.
• Torque in physics is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis.
• Moment Arm in physics is the length at which the force acts upon.
• Angular Acceleration in physics is produced by the change in angular velocity in a circular/rotational motion.
• Equilibrium in physics is a state in which all the application of forces in an object is balanced.
• Thermal efficiency formula: 𝑾 = 𝑸 𝒉 − 𝑸 𝒄 𝑸 �� 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 W - Work 𝑄 ℎ - Presence of Heat (Hot) 𝑄 𝑐 - Absence of Heat (Cold)
• Computing 𝑸 𝒄 : 𝑄 𝑐 = �� − 𝑄 ℎ.
• Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses hot and cold, measured with a thermometer.
• Sir Isaac Newton theorized the 3 Laws of Motion and the Law of Universal Gravitation in 1687.
• All objects possess their own gravity, as per Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation.
• Two factors affecting gravitational attraction are mass and distance.
• Gravity is Universal, as per Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation.
• Gravitational Constant is a universal constant used in Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation.
• A gravitational field is used to explain gravitational phenomena, such as the gravitational force field exerted on another massive body.
• The pattern of gravitational field of the Earth can be represented by arrows and known as field lines.
• Gravitational Field Strength Formula: �� = 𝑮𝒎𝒓 𝟐.
• Orbits in physics are a regular, repeating path that one object in space takes around another one, usually elliptical in shape.
• Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion in astronomy and classical physics, laws describing the motions of the planets in the solar system, was discovered by Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer.
• Work is an essential type of energy other than heat.
• The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of any crystalline substance at absolute zero will be equal to zero.
• An Internal Combustion Engine is a type of Heat Engine where the fuel (diesel and gasoline) are burned inside the system.
• Thermal Expansion refers to the physical expansion of an object when subjected to heat.
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that during the process of energy transfer or transformation, there will be a disorder (Entropy) in the enclosed system.
• An Adiabatic Process is one without transfer of heat to or from the system.
• Entropy allows the natural tendency of any isolated system to degenerate into a more disordered state.
• Thermal Efficiency measures how useful a system or engine utilize heat based on its input and work output.
• An Isochoric Process is one where volume remains constant.
• An External Combustion Engine is a type of Heat Engine where the burning of coal takes place outside the system.
• The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that when two objects are individually in thermal equilibrium with a third object, then they are also in equilibrium with each other.
• Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that focuses on converting energy, often in the form of heat and work.
• The First Law of Thermodynamics states that heat is a form of energy which means it cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be converted.
• A Heat Engine produces motion by transforming heat into mechanical energy.
• Thermal Expansion Formula: �� = 𝑳 𝒕 − 𝑳 𝒐 𝑳 𝒐 𝒕 𝑎 − thermal expansion 𝐿 𝑡 − Expanded length 𝐿 𝑜 − Original length t − temperature (in ℃ ).
• A Thermodynamic Process is a change from initial to final state of a system which involves changes in pressure, volume or temperature.
• Potential Energy is stored energy.
• Enthalpy is the amount of energy being released or absorbed in an enclosed system.
• An Isobaric Process is one where pressure remains constant.
• Heat is the flow of thermal energy.
• Kinetic Energy is energy with motion, which can be translational (moving from one location to another), rotational (spins or rotates), or vibrational (shakes & vibrates).