Research Q3

• Research Method

  Philosophical , Theoretical, conceptual and analytical perspective of research.
• Research Design

  Plan, structure & strategy of investigation to research questions/problems.
• Pre-test/Post-test Design

  measure change in a situation, phenomenon, issue, problem or attitude. Change is measured by comparing the difference in a before and after. Can be described as two-sets cross sectional data.
• Cross-sectional studies


  Aims to find out the prevalence of a phenomenon, situation, problem, attitude or issue by taking a cross-section of a population
• Research Design based on the number of contacts:

  Cross-sectional Studies

  Pre-test / Post-test Design

  Longitudinal Study design
• Longitudinal study design


  Characterized as a series of repetitive cross-sectional studies.

  Population is visited several times at regular intervals
• Research designs based on reference period

  • Retrospective study
  • Prospective study
  • Retrospective-prospective study design
• Retrospective study


  Investigates a phenomenon, situation or event that has happened in the past
• Prospective study


  Establishes the outcome of an event or what is likely to happen
• Retrospective-prospective study design


  Data are analyzed and used as basis of future projections.
• Research designs based on the nature of investigation

  • Experimental Design
  • Non-experimental design
  • Semi-experimental or quasi-experimental design
• Non-experimental design

  Researcher observes a phenomenon and attempts to establish what caused it.
• Semi-experimental or quasi-experimental design

  Half/Half

  with intervention

  without intervention

  Control
• Experimental Design

  Used to determine Cause-and-effect relationship.
• Case Study


  Could be individual, group, a community, an instance, an episode, an event, a subgroup of population, a town or city. Population should be treated as one entity.
• Grounded Theory


  Process for developing empirical theory from qualitative research
• Phenomenology


  The goal is to study how people make meaning of their lived experience
• Ethnography


  Used in the social and behavioral sciences
• Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)


  • First you will make the block, and then you will repeat CRD in each block
• Latin Square Design (LSD)


  • Each experimental unit will get all the treatment but the treatment combination should be in square
• Sample


  A smaller part of the whole population, i.e... a subset that is representative of the population
• Population


  The complete set of elements that possess a standard parameter
• Three Major Sampling Designs

  • Probability
  • Non-Probability
  • Mixed
• Probability Sampling

  • Simple Random Sampling - each element has an equal and independent chance of selection
  • Stratified Sampling - population is first separated into homogenous segments then a random sample is selected from each (Starata) - plural Stratum - singular
  • Systematic Sampling - a random first element is selected then subsequent elements are selected at a fixed interval until the desired sample is reached
  • Cluster Sampling - elements are randomly selected in natural occurring groupings or clusters
• Non-Probability Sampling

  • Availability - sample elements are selected based on availability and convenience
  • Purposive - elements are selected based on fit with study purposes and inclusion/exclusion criteria
  • Quota - population is divided into subcategories and a target number is sampled from each
  • Respondent-Assisted - the elements are selected from a target population with the assistance of previously selected population elements
• Mixed Sampling

  • Telephone - utilizes telephone numbers as sampling units, can be list-based or random digit dialing
  • Internet - utilizes email addresses, website visits, and recruited internet users as sampling units
  • Address - postal addresses are utilized as sampling units, often referred to as area-based sampling
• Time Mixed

  • Used in studying repeated outcomes that vary great deal over time
• Space Mixed

  • Also referred to as area sampling spatial, location-based, or facility-based sampling
• Completely Randomized Design (CRD)

  Each Experiment unit is randomly assigned to one of the treatment.
• Base - what holds all the parts in place. Rests on flat surface
• Beam - located to the right of the pan. 100 grams (back), 500 grams (middle), 10 grams (Front)
• Counter masses, riders, or weight poises - attached to the the beams. Slides across the beams to the right.
• Notch - occurs in intervals grams to precise measurement.
• Pointer - determines when the object with the weights is balanced with the ones on the beams.
• Weighing pan or plate, Flat and Inade of stainless steel. The object intended to be measured will be placed on the center of the pan.
• Zero Adjustment Knob - used to adjust the knob back to zero.
• Zero mark - located to the right of the pointer. This is the mark that needs to lined up in order to precisely measure the mass of the object.
• TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE ANALYZE

  
• Basic Principles in Experimental Research Design:

  • Randomization
  • Replication
  • Local Control
• Randomization

  treatments must be assigned at random to the experimental units

  to remove bias, protection from the effect of extraneous variables which are not controllable.