EQ4 management for the needs of all players

• Economic loses include loss of property in the form of homes, businesses, and farmland, which is relatively easy to quantify.
• The losses tend to be very localised and costs depend on the land's use and location.
• A business may suffer losses if the area becomes unattractive or depopulated.
• There is no national compensation scheme for loss of buildings but there is the pathfinders project -DEFRA.
• The pathfinders project provides relocation expenses and planning approval for new homes.
• In Happisburgh, the pathfinders project has been implemented.
• Overall, the economic loses are small because property loses its value before risk of erosion, and high-risk areas are protected by coastal defences.
• Social loses include relocation, loss of livelihood through financial problems and source of income.
• Loss of amenity value is a social loss, as it is an environmental characteristic that contributes to the aesthetic value.
• Flooding tends to be larger in areal extent and involves greater losses; it can be classified as a natural disaster in some cases.
• A storm surge is a temporary rise in sea level produced by very low surface air pressure that leads to short-term coastal flooding, and these tend to be more serious in tropical latitudes.
• The North Sea flood in December 2013 was a large storm surge that hit the east coast of the UK, causing widespread flooding along the coast.
• The North Sea flood was caused by a combination of low pressure, high winds, and high tidal pressures.
• Hard engineering is very costly and directly alters physical processes and systems.
• The North Sea flood resulted in 2 deaths, lost amenity value, loss of livelihood, 1400 homes flooded, and rail services cancelled.
• Hard engineering approaches involve: Groynes, Sea Walls, Rip Rap, Revetments, Offshore Breakwaters.
• Hard engineering can be seen as unattractive and costly.
• Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013 caused a 4-5m surge, resulting in 90% of structures destroyed, 6 million displaced, and 6300 dead.
• Soft engineering techniques work with physical systems and processes to protect coasts and manage sea level changes.
• Soft management approaches include: Beach Nourishment, Cliff Regrading and Drainage, Beach/Dune Stabilisation.
• Environmental refugees are those forced to leave their homes because of natural processes, including sudden ones such as landslides or gradual ones such as erosion or rising sea level, isostatic or eustatic
• Sustainable management aims to meet the needs of today without destroying the needs of the future.
• Flooding, sea water encroachment-Water supply is limited and at risk from salt-water incursion as sea level rises and groundwater is over-used or coral bleaching- Coral reefs, which act as a natural coastal defence against erosion, are being destroyed by global warming-induced coral bleaching.

  Flooding, sea water encroachment-Water supply is limited and at risk from salt-water incursion as sea level rises and groundwater is over-used or coral bleaching- Coral reefs, which act as a natural coastal defence against erosion, are being destroyed by global warming-induced coral bleaching.
• Sustainable management is designed to cope with future threats but implementation can cause conflict.
• Coral reefs, which act as a natural coastal defence against erosion, are being destroyed by global warming-induced coral bleaching.
• Holistic Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Globally, strategies are being developed so they are sustainable and use ICZM techniques.
• ICZM regards all aspects of the coastal zone (geographical and political boundaries) in an attempt to achieve sustainability.
• Tuvalu, with most of its land area being 1-2m above sea level, is at risk from rising sea levels and has been granted residency to 75 Tuvalu citizens each year under the Pacific Access Category . They have a narrow economy based on
• This creates winners and losers as some can achieve effective management whilst others cannot.
• Tuvalu's economy is narrowly based on fishing.
• Political judgements require Cost-Benefit Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment which can spark conflict as multiple procedures and players (homeowners, authorities etc.) are involved.
• Hard engineering is very costly and directly alters physical processes and systems.
• Approaches involve: Groynes: low wall/barrier built out into the sea.
• This prevents the movement of beach material along the coast by longshore drifts but can be seen as unattractive and costly.
• Sea Walls: Built on the edge of coastlines
• These protect cliffs, land and buildings from erosion but are expensive and waves can become powerful as curved sea walls reflect the energy of the waves back in to sea.
• Over time, the walls can start to erode and need high maintenance.
• Rip Rap: Loose stones create a foundation for a breakwater
• This system reduces the energy of waves.
• Revetments: Concrete structures built along the base of a cliff to absorb wave energy