Immune

• Activated T cells proliferate and differentiate into memory cells, forming immune memory.
• Immunology is the study of how the body fights disease and infection.
• Immunity refers to mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body, including microorganisms, foods, chemicals, drugs, pollen, and fungi.
• Immunis (exempt) refers to organisms that are not susceptible to infection, such as fungi, viruses, parasites, and bacteria.
• Allergic contact dermatitis is one of the most common skin diseases, affecting up to 20% of dermatologic consultations, and is characterized by dry, cracked and scaly skin causing pain, itching and burning.
• Vaccination is a part of the adaptive immune system as it provides two separate, overlapping arms: humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity and cellular (cell-mediated) immunity.
• Mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers to the skin.
• Acquired immunity is handled by T and B lymphocytes.
• The adaptive immune system is specific as it recognizes and targets specific antigens, is systemic as it is not restricted to the initial site, and has memory as it gets stronger attacks to "known" antigens.
• Innate immune defenses include surface barriers that ward off invading pathogens, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions.
• The skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions provide physical barriers to most microorganisms.
• Acquired (adaptive) immunity is the second line of response if innate immunity fails and relies on mechanisms that adapt after infection.
• The adaptive immune system is a specific defense that protects against infectious agents and abnormal body cells, amplifies the inflammatory response, and must be primed by initial exposure to a specific foreign substance.
• Priming takes time in the adaptive immune system.
• One cell determines one antigenic determinant in acquired immunity.
• Keratin is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins.
• Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease characterized by skin thickening, red plaques and dry scales, and systemic chronic inflammation causes abnormal accelerated proliferation of the keratinocytes in the epidermis.
• Adaptive (acquired) immunity is a slower, specific immune response.
• The immune system includes cells such as lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, natural killer lymphocytes, monocytes & macrophages, and granulocytes, which include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
• Leukocytes are blood cells.
• An antigen is material (from a pathogen) that induces an immune response.
• The hierarchy of defences includes effective but crude prevention, first line of defence barriers and chemicals, and specific components such as organs, cells, and molecules.
• Lymphocytes are specialized blood cells that mediate adaptive immunity, such as T and B cells.
• There are two types of immunity: innate (non-adaptive) immunity, which is the first line of immune response and relies on mechanisms that exist before infection, and adaptive (adapted) immunity, which is slower, specific, and remembers previous encounters with antigens.
• A pathogen is a microbe that causes disease.
• Cancer immunotherapy involves using the body's immune system to fight cancer.
• The immune system includes organs such as tonsils and adenoids, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, paier's patches, appendix, and lymphatic vessels.
• The immune system includes molecules such as antibodies, complement, cytokines, interleukins, and interferons.
• A pathogen must gain access to the body, attach to and/or enter cells of its host, and reproduce while avoiding the host's immune system long enough to produce harmful changes.
• Innate (natural) immunity is a rapid, non specific immune response.
• The functions of the immune system include identifying and destroying pathogens, cancer protection, removal of debris and dead cells, surveillance, and communication.
• Allison and Tasuku Honjo were awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation.
• Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can lead to joint destruction, and is often established by the time of diagnosis.
• Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder that can cause tumors to form on nerves, and early diagnosis is crucial for managing the condition.
• Rodney R. Porter and Gerald M. Edelman shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1972 for their discovery of the chemical structure of antibodies.
• Emil von Behring discovered the antitoxin and the principles of antiserum therapy, and established one of the first corporations to produce immunologic products.
• The discovery of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) was made by Susumu Tonegawa, who won the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1987 for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity.
• Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1996 for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence.
• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 was divided, one half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity, and the other half to Ralph M. Steinman for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity.
• Paul Ehrlich developed the selective theories, the binding like the fitting of a lock with key, the side-chain specificity was determined before its exposure to Ag, and the Ag selected the appropriate side-chain receptor.