biological molecules

• Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond.
• metabolism is the chemical process that happens in all living organisms
• alpha glucose has OH at the bottom
• starch is a type of alpha glucose
• cellulose is a type of beta glucose
• the three simple sugars are glucose, fructose and galactose
• the monosacharides that make up maltose are glucose and glucose
• lactose is made from one glucose and one galactose joined together
• maltose is made by joining two glucoses together with an oxygen atom between them
• sucrose is made from one glucose and one fructose joined together
• glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals
• starch is the main storage polysaccharide found in plants
• cellulose is the structural component of plant cell walls, it provides strength to the wall
• chitin is the structural component of fungal cell walls
• polypeptides are formed when amino acids join together through peptide bonds
• proteins are long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
• lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as ether or chloroform
• fats are esters formed when glycerol reacts with three fatty acids
• proteins are long chains of amino acids that fold into specific shapes
• amino acids have a central carbon bonded to four different groups (R group)
• nucleic acids store genetic information, carry out protein synthesis, and control metabolic processes
• carbohydrates are polymers made up of monosaccharides joined together by condensation reactions
• the R group is the side chain of an amino acid, which can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic
• hydrophobic means "water fearing" while hydrophilic means "water loving"
• carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
• there are twenty common types of amino acids found in proteins
• the structure of DNA is made up of nucleotides which consist of a sugar phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases
• the sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence of bases on its complementary partner
• glycosidic bonds join the carbons on adjacent rings in sugars
• the hydroxyl (-OH) group is polar because it has an oxygen atom which attracts electrons towards itself
• amino acids have two functional groups - carboxyl (-COOH) and amine (NH2)
• protein structure includes primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
• primary structure refers to the sequence of amino acids in a protein
• nucleotides form complementary base pairs with other nucleotides to make double stranded DNA
• adenine always bonds with thymine through two hydrogen bonds
• DNA replication occurs when two strands separate to form new double-stranded DNA molecules with identical sequences
• protein synthesis involves transcription (RNA polymerase reads the base sequence of DNA) and translation (ribosomes read mRNA)
• transcription produces messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• a peptide bond forms between the carboxyl carbon of one amino acid and the amine nitrogen of another, releasing water as a by-product
• protein synthesis occurs in three stages; transcription, translation and post-translational modification