approaches

• A strength of Wundt's work was that he was the first to apply the scientific method to psychology.
• By not having any empirical evidence, this makes Wundt’s research less scientific.
• The first limitation of Wundt’s research is that his results were not consistent, and so his studies lack reliability .
• The second limitation of Wundt’s research is that his results were not based on empirical evidence.
• Wilhelm Wundt created the first experimental psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. His research consisted of asking participants to use introspection when shown a stimulus. When studying the mind, Wundt applied reductionism, so as to understand the human mind in simpler terms.
• Wundt used the scientific method to study the mind. He did this by testing participants in a controlled environment, to understand cause and effect. In his experiments, he would present participants with a stimulus on repeated occasions, and he would ask participants to report their experience of the stimulus through introspection.
• Wundt's approach involves careful, systematic and standardised training to allow people to analyse their thoughts' content objectively.
• Wundt’s big strength was that he was the first to apply the scientific method. In doing so, he also managed to control for situational variables, by testing in the lab. By noting down how he did his research, he was able to make it replicable, another strength of the research.
• Wundt’s research was not very scientific for two reasons. Firstly, Wundt did not obtain the same results consistently whenever he tested the same participants, and so, his research lacked reliability. Secondly, Wundt did not use direct observations in his research, and so his research did not use empirical evidence.
• Introspection is when participants examine and describe their own mental processes.
• Wundt used the method of introspection. He presented participants with stimuli and asked them to describe their own mental processes through introspection.
• A strength of Wundt’s research is that he attempted to study psychology scientifically. By conducting his studies in a laboratory, he was able to control situational variables through standardisation. In addition, Wundt carefully wrote down the methods that he used in his studies, which means that his studies were replicable.
• A first limitation of Wundt’s research is that he never got consistent results, so his studies lacked reliability. A second limitation of Wundt’s research is that his results were not based on empirical evidence, because he couldn’t directly observe people’s mental processes.
• Wundt wrote down a lot of his studies which made them replicable.
• Behaviourists believe that, in order for psychology to be considered an experimental science, it must be based on empirical evidence. This means psychologists should focus on observable behaviour only.
• Wilhelm Wundt tried to apply the scientific process, but he used introspection
• The second assumption of the behaviourist approach is that most behaviour is learned through experience as we interact with our environment
• Behaviourists believe it doesn't matter whether we use humans or animals in research as humans and animals learn using the same mechanisms and also, animal experiments are cheaper than those involving humans.
• Behaviourists like John Watson were interested in observable behaviour
• Due to the belief that humans and animals share the same learning mechanisms, behaviourists believe that it doesn't matter whether we use humans or animals in the research.
• The third assumption of the behavioural approach is that research can use animals or an animal , to reach conclusions about human behaviour.
• In the behaviourist approach, we assume that in order to stay objective and scientific, we can only study observable behaviour. It is also believed that most of our behaviour is learned.
• Behaviourists use animal research because they believe animals and humans use the same learning mechanisms.

  As one key assumption is that humans and animals share the same learning mechanisms, behaviourists justify animal research as an easier way to reach conclusions about humans behaviour.
• The first assumption is that psychology should study observable behaviours only.The second assumption is that most behaviour is learned.The third assumption is that we can use animal research, to reach conclusions about human behaviour.
• Classical conditioning is when something neutral becomes associated with something that already makes you feel a certain way
• Before classical conditioning, there is a neutral stimulus which causes no response.There is also an unconditioned ​​stimulus which causes an unconditioned response.
• Then the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
• Before the experiment, the dogs’ salivation was the unconditioned response.
• the dogs formed an association between the bell and the food.
• Due to classical conditioning, the bell became a conditioned stimulus, because it caused a conditioned response.
• The first person to study classical conditioning was Ivan Pavlov
• Before the experiment, the neutral stimulus was the bell. The unconditioned stimulus was the food, which caused the unconditioned response of salivation. Then, the neutral stimulus became associated with the unconditioned stimulus. As a result, the unconditioned stimulus became a conditioned stimulus, which caused a conditioned response.
• We’ve now seen that operant conditioning is when a person learns to associate their situation with an outcome.
• Classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus.
• Both classical and operant conditioning involve learning an association between two things.
• reinforcement is when operant conditioning make someone more likely to repeat a behaviour
• During operant conditioning, if a behaviour is reinforced, it means a person is likely to repeat a behaviour
• Reinforcement is when operant conditioning makes someone more likely to repeat a behaviour.
• Positive reinforcement is when you are more likely to repeat a behaviour because you have received a reward.
• negative reinforcement is when you are more likely to repeat a behaviour because something is being taken away.