prelim

• What is the term for the number of chromosomes in a cell?

  Chromosome complement
• Are most cells diploid or haploid?

  Diploid
• What type of cells are replicated during mitosis?

  Diploid cells
• What does mitosis maintain in diploid cells?

  The diploid chromosome number
• Why is it important to maintain the diploid chromosome number during mitosis?

  So no genetic information is lost
• What are the stages of mitosis?


  • Chromosomes become visible inside the nucleus.
  • Nuclear membrane disappears.
  • Each chromosome copies itself to form pairs of chromatids.
  • Membrane around the nucleus disappears.
  • Pairs of chromatids line up across the equator.
  • Spindle fibres form and attach to each pair of chromatids.
  • Spindle fibres separate the pairs of chromatids back into chromosomes.
  • Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
  • A new nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes.
  • 2 nuclei are formed.
  • Cytoplasm divides to produce 2 identical daughter cells.
  • Each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• What is the acronym for the reflex arc components in order?

  SIM E
• What is the order of components in a reflex arc?

  • Receptors detect pain/heat input/stimuli.
  • Sensory neurons pass information to interneuron.
  • Interneuron (within CNS) passes information to motor neuron.
  • Motor neuron passes information from interneuron to an effector.
  • Effector causes a response.
• What is the primary function of reflexes?

  To protect the body from harm
• What is the male gamete cell in animals?

  Sperm cell
• Where are sperm cells made?

  Testes
• Why does the sperm cell have a tail?

  To swim to the egg
• Why does the sperm cell have a high number of mitochondria?

  To produce more ATP/energy
• What is the female gamete in animals?

  Egg cell
• Where are egg cells made?

  Ovary
• Why do egg cells have a large yolky cytoplasm?

  To provide energy for embryo
• What is fertilization?

  Fusion of male and female gamete nuclei
• What type of cell does fertilization produce?

  A diploid zygote
• What process does the zygote use to divide?

  Mitosis
• What does the zygote form after dividing?

  An embryo
• What is the function of valves in the heart?

  Prevent backflow of blood
• Where does blood go from the left ventricle?

  • Body
• Where does blood go from the aorta?

  • Body
• Where does blood go from the right ventricle?

  • Lungs
• Where does blood go from the vena cava?

  • Right atrium
• Where does blood go from the pulmonary artery?

  • Lungs
• Where does blood go from the pulmonary vein?

  • Left atrium
• Where does blood come from that enters the right ventricle?

  • Right atrium
• Where does blood come from that enters the left ventricle?

  • Left atrium
• Where does blood come from that enters the right atrium?

  • Vena cava
• Where does blood come from that enters the left atrium?

  • Lungs
• Where does blood come from that enters the aorta?

  • Left Ventricle
• Where does blood come from that enters the pulmonary vein?

  • Lungs
• What direction does blood flow in an artery in relation to the heart?

  • Away from the heart
• What direction does blood flow in a vein in relation to the heart?

  • Into the heart
• How are artery walls described?

  Thick and muscular
• How are vein walls described?

  Thin
• What structural feature increases the surface area of capillaries?

  Very thin walls
• What is the main function of capillaries?

  Exchange at tissues and organs
• What materials move from the bloodstream to body cells in capillaries?

  Oxygen and glucose