AG Ref No.2 1983 – Defence was available because the threat was sufficiently imminent, therefore imminent = immediate future
Malnik – He himself had created the dangerous situation by going to the man’s house. So defence was not available.
Bird – Whilst withdrawing or demonstrating an unwillingness to fight is good evidence that the defendant is acting reasonably and in good faith in self-defence, there was no absolute obligation to demonstrate an unwillingness to retreat.
Beckford – Lord Griffiths – “a man about to be attacked does not have to wait for his assailant to strike the first blow, or fire the first shot, circumstances may justify a pre-emptive strike”
Gladstone Williams – Facts to be treated how D honestly believed them to be
S76(6) CJI Act 2008 – “The degree of force used by D is not to be regarded as having been responsible in the circumstances as D believed them to be is it was disproportionate in those circumstances”
Martin – Conviction on appeal reduced to m/s because of DR defence of self-defence rejected as he had used excessive force
Clegg – Not self-defence because there was no danger when he fixed the shot. The force was excessive in the circumstances. Murder conviction upheld.