Breakdown of polymers via hydrolysis

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Cards (24)

  • What is hydrolysis?
    A chemical reaction that splits polymers
  • What are the main types of monomers produced through hydrolysis?
    • Carbohydrates: Glucose, fructose, galactose
    • Proteins: Amino acids
    • Lipids (Fats): Glycerol, fatty acids
  • What type of bond is broken in lipids during hydrolysis?
    Ester Bond
  • Why are monomers essential for the body?
    • They provide energy
    • They support growth
    • They aid in repair
  • What is the chemical formula of the molecule shown in the first image?
    C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>
  • How does the hydrolysis of sucrose occur?
    • The glycosidic bond between glucose and fructose is broken by the addition of water (H<sub>2</sub>O)
    • This splits the sucrose molecule into its two monosaccharide components, glucose and fructose
  • What is required for each hydrolysis reaction to occur in living organisms?
    Specific conditions and enzymes
  • What do nucleic acids break down into during hydrolysis?
    Nucleotides
  • What type of bond is broken in proteins during hydrolysis?
    Peptide Bond
  • What are fats hydrolyzed into during hydrolysis?
    Glycerol and fatty acids
  • What are the key differences between sucrose, glucose, and fructose?
    • Sucrose is a disaccharide, while glucose and fructose are monosaccharides
    • Sucrose is composed of one glucose and one fructose unit, while glucose and fructose are single sugar units
    • Glucose and fructose have the same molecular formula (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>) but different structures and properties
  • What type of bond is broken in carbohydrates during hydrolysis?
    Glycosidic Bond
  • What are proteins hydrolyzed into during hydrolysis?
    Amino acids
  • How does hydrolysis facilitate the depolymerization of macromolecules?
    By breaking down DNA and RNA for repair
  • What is the chemical equation for the hydrolysis of sucrose?
    C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>
  • What are the reactants and products of the hydrolysis of sucrose?
    Reactants:
    • Sucrose (C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>)
    • Water (H<sub>2</sub>O)

    Products:
    • Glucose (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)
    • Fructose (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)
  • What are the main types of bonds broken during hydrolysis?
    • Glycosidic Bond
    • Peptide Bond
    • Ester Bond
  • What are proteins hydrolyzed into during digestion?
    Amino acids for tissue repair
  • What happens to starch during hydrolysis?
    It is hydrolyzed into glucose
  • What happens to carbohydrates during hydrolysis?
    They are broken down into glucose monomers
  • What are the key functions of hydrolysis in biological systems?
    • Breaks down dietary carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
    • Facilitates depolymerization of DNA and RNA
    • Aids in cellular signaling by converting compounds
  • What are the key roles of water in hydrolysis?
    1. Bond Breaking:
    • Water molecules insert between monomers
    • Breaks glycosidic, peptide, or ester bonds
    1. Hydroxyl and Hydrogen:
    • Water splits into OH- and H+
    • Stabilizes each monomer
    1. Essential:
    • Without water, polymers cannot be broken down
  • How does hydrolysis work?
    It splits polymers into monomers by adding water
  • In what way does hydrolysis aid cellular signaling?
    By converting complex compounds into usable forms