Mitochondria

• Respiration is a multi-stepped process, each step catalysed by a specific intracellular enzyme.
• Actin and myosin are cross-linked at the myosin binding site, indicating a muscle at rest.
• The knee and the elbow are both hinge joints.
• The overall reaction for aerobic respiration is: Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide+ water.
• The energy released by respiration is used for muscle contraction and active transport.
• Mitochondria have adaptations for enabling respiration, such as an inner membrane that separates the mitochondria from the cytoplasm, allowing for the transport of molecules in and out of the mitochondria.
• Mitochondria contain enzymes that catalyze the reactions of respiration, producing energy.
• Mitochondria have a structure that allows for the transport of molecules in and out of the mitochondria.
• Mitochondria contain their own DNA, known as mtDNA, which is different from the DNA found in the nucleus of the cell.
• Mitochondria also have an outer membrane that separates the mitochondria from the rest of the cell, controlling the flow of molecules into and out of the mitochondria.
• Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, enabling respiration and producing energy.
• ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate.
• Mitochondria have an outer membrane, an inner membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cristae, an inter-membrane space, and a matrix.
• 6CO2 + 6H2O + (38)ATP.
• Oxidation: loss of electrons (loss of hydrogen).
• The Krebs Cycle, Link Reaction, Glycolysis, and Oxidative Phosphorylation are the 4 main processes in aerobic respiration.
• Reduction: gain of electrons (gain of hydrogen).
• NAD is oxidised when it takes on a Hydrogen atom and is reduced when it deposits a Hydrogen.
• Co-enzymes that have been reduced are used in the final stage of respiration (oxidative phosphorylation) which produces a lot of ATP.
• Reactions in respiration are examples of Oxidation and Reduction reactions.
• Each stage of respiration is catalysed by a specific enzyme.
• Co-enzymes are continuously cycled, with a hydrogen atom lost, accepted by a co-enzyme, and then removed to generate ATP.
• Co-enzymes are needed to assist enzymes in a reduction or oxidation reaction because they can pick up and lose hydrogen atoms.
• Co-enzymes used in respiration include NAD, CoA, FAD, and Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide.
• Respiration releases chemical potential energy from the substrate through a series of reactions.
• Glycolysis, the link reaction/Krebs cycle, and glycolysis/Krebs cycle/glycolysis are steps in the overall reaction for aerobic respiration.
• ATP is a phosphorylated nucleotide (similar to the structure of DNA and RNA) and can’t leave the cell where it is made.
• When 1 phosphate group is removed from each molecule in one mole of ATP, 30.5 kJ of energy’s released.
• The removal of 1 phosphate group from each molecule in one mole of ATP is a hydrolysis reaction, and is catalysed by enzymes called ATPases.
• Energy released (30.5KJ mol-1) is ADP Pi ATPase Water.
• ATP is useful as an energy carrier (currency) because it cycles and “packages” the energy released from respiration into useful amounts.
• Glucose, with high stored chemical potential energy, is converted into Carbon Dioxide and water, with low stored chemical potential energy, in a process called respiration.
• Thermal energy and chemical energy are transferred during respiration.
• Condensation and hydrolysis are steps in the process of respiration.