VIBRIO, AEROMONAS, CAMPYLOBACTER AND CAMPYLOBACTER

• What family does Vibrio belong to?

  Vibrionaceae
• What are the characteristics of Vibrio bacteria?

  Oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting, gram-negative bacilli
• Where do Vibrio species typically grow?

  Aquatic environments
• What is a common source of Vibrio infection?

  Eating raw or undercooked shellfish
• Who should avoid exposure to Vibrio sources?

  Severely immunosuppressed individuals
• Which Vibrio species are commonly encountered in clinical labs?

  1. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus
• What factors indicate a possible Vibrio infection?

  • Recent consumption of raw seafood
  • Recent immigration or foreign travel
  • Gastroenteritis with cholera-like stools
  • Trauma from contact with aquatic environments
• What shape are Vibrio spp. bacteria?

  Curved comma-shaped rods
• What type of respiration do Vibrio spp. perform?

  Facultatively anaerobic
• What tests are Vibrio spp. positive for?

  Catalase and oxidase tests
• What is the string test used for?

  To observe mucoid “stringing” reaction
• What is the halophilic nature of Vibrio spp.?

  Most require Na+ for growth
• What is the vibriostatic compound that affects Vibrio spp.?

  O/129
• What disease does V. cholerae cause?

  Cholera
• How is V. cholerae primarily transmitted?

  Fecal-oral route
• What is a hallmark symptom of cholera?

  Rice water stools
• What role does cholera toxin play in infection?

  Causes profuse watery diarrhea
• What are the major subgroups of V. cholerae?

  O1, O139, non-O1/non-O139
• What is the incubation period for cholera?

  1–4 days
• What differentiates non-O1/non-O139 strains of V. cholerae?

  They do not produce cholera toxin
• What are the serotypes of V. cholerae O1?

  Ogawa, Inaba, Hikojima
• What are the biotypes of epidemic V. cholerae?

  Classic and El Tor
• What is the significance of the El Tor biotype?

  Produces hemolysin and is polymyxin B resistant
• What medium should stool specimens for Vibrio be transported in?

  Cary-Blair medium
• How can V. cholerae toxin be detected in stool?

  Using ELISA or latex agglutination test
• What is the characteristic motility of V. cholerae?

  Rapid darting or shooting-star motility
• What is the purpose of the TCBS agar?

  To differentiate Vibrio species
• What does a yellow colony on TCBS indicate?

  Sucrose-fermenting species
• What is the optimal growth temperature for Aeromonas spp.?

  37°C
• What are the complications of Aeromonas spp. infection?

  Hemolytic-uremic syndrome and kidney disease
• What are the characteristics of Aeromonas spp.?

  • Gram-negative straight rods or coccobacilli
  • Oxidase- and catalase-positive
  • Indole positive
  • Motile with optimal growth around 37°C
  • Recognized as enteric pathogens
• What are the sources of Aeromonas spp.?

  • Freshwater, estuarine, and marine environments
  • Animal meat products
• What tests are used for diagnosing infections in the study material?

  Blood culture, gram stain & Creatine Kinase
• What is the fatality rate mentioned in the study material?

  30%
• Which species is least pathogenic for humans?

  Vibrio alginolyticus
• What is the salt requirement for Vibrio alginolyticus?

  Requires at least 1% NaCl
• Where do almost all isolates of Vibrio alginolyticus originate from?

  Extraintestinal sources like eye and ear infections
• What shape are Aeromonas spp. bacteria?

  Gram-negative straight rods or coccobacillary
• What type of metabolism do Aeromonas spp. exhibit?

  Oxidative and fermentative metabolism
• What is the optimal growth temperature for motile Aeromonas spp.?

  37°C