Class differences in achievement (External Factors)

• Cultural deprivation - poor people have different norms and values which disadvantages them in school.
• Cultural Capital - the skills/knowledge needed to do well in school
• Speech code - the many different ways people communicate
• external factors - factors outside of school which can negatively influence a pupil's achievements
• Fatalism - the mindset that your destiny is already set and you have no control over it
• Middle-class pupils use Elaborate speech code

  Working-class pupils use Restricted speech code
• individualism - the belief that people should be free to make their own decisions and live their own lives
• material deprivation - lack of physical necessities that are essential for school.
• meritocracy - the belief that rewards are earned through hard work
• Collectivism - the practice of giving a group priority over each individual in it.
• Compensatory education - government policies which are designed to raise grades of materially and culturally deprived students.
• Material factors - physical problems that affect achievement.
• Immediate gratification - not being able to wait for what you want
• Future-time orientated - when the future is intergrated into the present situation, like perception of future needs and goals.