SCIENCE THIRD QUARTER

• Avogadro’s number is represented as 6.02 x 1023.
• If you put together 6.02 x 1023 basketballs, it will be as big as Earth.
• If you have 6.02 x 1023 rice grains, it would cover the land masses of the Earth to a depth of 75 meters.
• Photosynthesis is a biological process where carbon dioxide and water turn into glucose which is then used as food by the plants.
• Visible light initiates and controls the photosynthesis.
• The sun gives off visible light also called white light which is a mixture of ROYGBIV: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet.
• Moisture can act like a prism and create a rainbow, separating the light to the different colors of the rainbow.
• Reflected light is when sunlight shines on an object, for example, the leaf appears green because the green wavelength of light is reflected and the rest of the colors are absorbed.
• J.J Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model describes the atom as a positive sphere with negatively-charged electrons embedded within it.
• Rutherford nuclear atom model pictures the atom as mostly empty space and its mass is concentrated in the nucleus, where you find the protons and the neutrons.
• Most of the atom’s mass is in the positively charged nucleus according to the Nuclear Model by Rutherford.
• The atom is a solid sphere according to the Solid Sphere Model.
• Electrons in each orbit have a definite energy, which increases as the distance of the orbit from the nucleus increases.
• These scientists believed that there is only a probability that the electron can be found in a certain volume in space around the nucleus.
• The volume or region of space around the nucleus where the electron is most likely to be found is called an atomic orbital.
• When an electron of an element absorbs extra energy, this electron moves to a higher energy level.
• The end products of cellular respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and energy (in the form of ATP).
• Anaerobic respiration produces a smaller amount of ATP compared to aerobic respiration.
• Bohr’s Model refined Rutherford’s model of an atom by describing the electron to be moving in definite orbits around the nucleus.
• The same electron can return to any of the lower energy levels releasing energy in the form of light with a particular color and a definite energy or wavelength.
• Cells adjust their metabolic processes to meet the immediate energy needs of the body, with glycolysis and aerobic respiration responding to different aspects of energy demand.
• The availability of oxygen and the efficiency of mitochondrial activity also play crucial roles in determining the overall rate of cellular respiration.
• Once excited, the atom is unstable.
• ATP is the primary energy currency of cells and is utilized to power various cellular activities.
• The demand for energy directly influences the rate of cellular respiration.
• Bohr’s model explained the appearance of the bright line spectrum of the hydrogen atom but could not explain for atoms that have more than one electron.
• Unsaturated Carbon Compounds are atoms that are satisfied only by double or triple bonds, like Ethene (C2H4).
• The blue flower appears blue because the blue wavelength of light is reflected and the rest of the colors are absorbed.
• The valency of carbon is the most important factor for its amazing capacity to form bonds.
• Carbon has many interesting properties including the ability to form bonds in a variety of elements, which is why carbon compounds are commonly found everywhere.
• Carbon compounds are generally organic in nature, but there are also inorganic carbon compounds like CO2 (carbon dioxide).
• Water is a polar molecule since the shared electrons tend to be closer to the oxygen atom’s side creating a slightly negative end while on the side of the hydrogen atoms, a slightly positive end.
• The easiest way for carbon to attain stability is by sharing electrons.
• Carbon compounds are compounds whose molecules contain a carbon atom, which have bonded to an atom of another element.
• A single carbon atom can share its 4 valence electrons with 4 different hydrogen atoms, making both carbon and hydrogen atoms stable.
• Carbon is present in nature like diamond, graphite, coal, and charcoal.
• Organic Compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, and are the biggest class of carbon compounds.
• Organic compounds are those whose chemical formula contains at least one carbon atom, and often contain a hydrogen atom as well.
• A single carbon atom can form a single covalent bond, which is represented by putting a single line between two atoms.
• Saturated Carbon Compounds are carbon compounds that are satisfied by a single bond between them, like Ethane (C2H6).