Behaviourist

• What should Psychology study to be like other sciences?

  Observable, quantifiable behaviour
• What is the subject matter of Psychology according to behaviorism?

  The laws predicting behaviour changes
• How are humans viewed in the context of behaviorism?

  As animals, not more complex beings
• Why is research on animal behaviour relevant to humans?

  Because humans are considered similar to animals
• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning through association
• Who first demonstrated classical conditioning?

  Pavlov
• What did Pavlov's research involve?

  Conditioning dogs to salivate to a bell
• What is the process of classical conditioning as demonstrated by Pavlov?

  Neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus
• What is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

  Food
• What is the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

  Salivation to the bell
• What is operant conditioning?

  Learning through consequences of behaviour
• Who proposed the concept of operant conditioning?

  BF Skinner
• What does positive reinforcement do?

  Increases likelihood of behaviour
• What is punishment in operant conditioning?

  An unpleasant consequence of behaviour
• What is the effect of punishment on behaviour?

  Decreases likelihood of behaviour
• What are the three types of operant conditioning proposed by Skinner?

  • Positive reinforcement
  • Negative reinforcement
  • Punishment
• How did behaviorism enhance scientific credibility in psychology?

  By focusing on observable behaviour in labs
• What is a real-life application of conditioning principles?

  Token economy systems in institutions
• What advantage do token economy systems have?

  Require less effort from patients
• What does the Little Albert case study support?

  Evidence for classical conditioning
• What was the outcome of the Little Albert experiment?

  Generalization of fear to similar stimuli
• What does environmental determinism suggest?

  Behaviour is determined by past experiences
• What did Skinner believe about free will?

  It is an illusion
• What ethical issues are raised by animal experiments?

  Stressful and aversive conditions for animals
• How did the Skinner Box contribute to behaviourism?

  Maintained control over experimental subjects
• What is the definition of behaviorism?

  A psychological approach focusing on observable behaviour
• How does reinforcement history influence behavior?

  It shapes the likelihood of future behaviours
• What is the significance of generalization in conditioning?

  It allows responses to be triggered by similar stimuli
• How does behaviorism impact therapeutic practices?

  It emphasizes observable behaviours over thoughts
• What criticisms does behaviorism face regarding free will?

  It suggests free will is an illusion
• Why are ethical considerations important in psychological research?

  To protect the welfare of research subjects