Psychodynamic

• What does the psychodynamic approach assume about early childhood experiences?

  They play a key role in later outcomes
• What does being 'stuck' in the oral phase imply?

  It may affect adult behavior if not breastfed
• What is psychic determinism according to Freud?

  All behavior is caused by unconscious conflicts
• How does Freud describe the conscious mind?

  As the 'tip of the iceberg'
• What does the unconscious mind contain?

  A vast storehouse of drives and repressed memories
• What are Freudian slips?

  Unintentional errors revealing unconscious thoughts
• What is the focus of pleasure in the oral stage?

  The mouth
• What can result from fixation in the oral stage?

  Smoking, overeating, nail biting
• What is the focus of pleasure in the anal stage?

  The anus
• What are the consequences of fixation in the anal stage?

  Retentive (neatness) or expulsive (messiness)
• What is the focus of pleasure in the phallic stage?

  The genitals
• What can result from fixation in the phallic stage?

  Vanity and over ambition
• What happens during the latency stage?

  Earlier conflicts are repressed
• What is the focus of pleasure in the genital stage?

  The genitals
• What can result from fixation in the genital stage?

  Difficulty with heterosexual relationships
• What is the Oedipus complex?

  Incestuous feelings towards the mother
• What do girls experience during the Electra complex?

  Penis envy and desire for their father
• Who was Little Hans?

  A boy who developed a phobia of horses
• How did Freud interpret Little Hans' phobia?

  As a displacement of fear of his father
• What is a limitation of Freud's case studies?

  They lack ecological validity
• What is a criticism of Freud's qualitative data?

  It may be affected by researcher bias
• What is the impact of Freud's theories on psychology?

  They have had a huge influence on thought
• What did Karl Popper argue about the psychodynamic approach?

  It does not meet the criterion of falsification
• What does psychic determinism suggest about behavior?

  All behavior is determined by unconscious conflicts
• What is psychoanalysis?

  A therapy to access the unconscious mind
• What is a criticism of psychoanalysis for serious disorders?

  It may be inappropriate or harmful