urban issues and challenges

• urban - built up, heavily populated areas such as towns or cities
• rural - sparsely populated areas such as countryside villages
• migration is the movement of people from one area to another
• urbanisation is the growth of rural areas and an increase in population to become urban cities. it's also when people move to urban areas to increase the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas.
• urbanisation in Britain:

  • before it developed its economy, Britain was mainly rural areas, with fewer jobs and sparsely populated
  • it developed its economy by building factories and industries to create more job opportunities, and traded with other countries
  • this gave people jobs which helped the economy as people were able to spend and earn more than before
  • urbanisation in Manchester will cause more housing to be built and more jobs to be available to provide for the growing population
• reasons for urbanisation -

  • able to grow food instead of hunting
  • irrigation systems grow food easily
  • industrial revolution - more jobs and opportunities in urban areas
  • difficult to transport people/goods so people ended up staying still
  • new technology allowed cities to expand
  • people didn't need to move so they could set up permanent housing
• push factors are negative things that move people away from an area -

  • not enough jobs available
  • overused soil
  • self sufficient
  • bad transport links
  • better technology means less need for farming manually
  • further from shops
• pull factors are positive things that make people move to an area -

  • more job opportunities
  • better education
  • tourist attractions/entertainment
  • better services - healthcare, police
  • public transport
  • higher standard of living
• reasons for city growth:

  • rural-urban migration
  • natural increase, where the birth rate is higher than the death rate
• life in Mumbai:

  • 20 million population
  • most populated city in India
  • 3000 skyscrapers
  • produces 25% of the country's industrial outlet and 40% of its foreign trade
  • world's most expensive houses in Mumbai
  • 70% of people work in the informal sector, which requires few skills, has low pay, and is not officially recognised by the government
  • the Dharavi slum houses 1 million people
  • contains nearly every religious group
  • financial centre of India
• Mumbai is located on the West coast of India. The oceans surrounding it are the Indian ocean, the Arabian sea, and the bay of Bengal. To the south is Sri Lanka and to the north is Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and China
• Mumbai is important internationally because it has lots of connections to lots of other trading ports and airports, in other major cities in multiple different continents.
• mumbai's growth over time -

  • 1600s - 10000 people, 2022 20 million people
  • millionaire city by 1901
  • rate of growth is growing
  • average GDP is $2,845
  • in 1991 more than 5 million people migrated to Mumbai
  • birth rate is 20 per 1000, death rate is 6 per 1000
  • two thirds of mumbai's inhabitants live in shanties
• Mumbai is important to India as it accounts for 6% of its GDP and 25% of its industrial production. it creates US$10 billion in corporate taxes.
• Mumbai is important globally as it produces 40% of India's foreign trade, and is one of the world's top centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow. it also has the headquarters of the bombay stock exchange.
• a squatter settlement is a slum on the edge of Mumbai, full of people in poverty who work informal jobs and live in makeshift housing called shacks
• opportunities in Dharavi slum -

  • strong sense of community
  • job opportunities
  • less crime
  • fully functioning high street with shops
  • 10,000 pottery maker jobs
  • 85% of people in the slum have a job
  • 15,000 1 room factories with a turnover of $1 billion per year
  • 300 bakeries
  • close to family and friends
• challenges in Dharavi slum -

  • disease and contaminated water
  • 1 million people in one square mile
  • monsoon seasons
  • open sewage and toxic chemicals
  • no maps or road signs
  • rationed water
  • 600 people share each toilet
  • 4000 case of sickness (such as typhoid) a day due to poor sanitation
  • poor working conditions
  • lack of space - no privacy
  • buildings are made of wood and asbestos
• mumbai slum resettlement scheme is a scheme to provide free housing for slum dwellers. pros - separate flats with privacy, sewage pipes to take away waste, water pipes for a good water supply, free to move there, 153,00 families rehabilitated. cons - plain beige buildings lose the sense of authenticity, less sense of community, further from places of work, very small accommodation, 230 projects stalled
• slum sanitation project - currently 100s share a toilet and 1 in 20 have to use the streets. this project aims to improve this for up to 1 million slum dwellers. 300 community toilet blocks have been built. this provides 5100 individual toilets with separate male and female facilities.
• incremental housing - this project aims to develop slums into permanent housing by making gradual improvements. families get to own the land that their house is on and they work with an architect to design/improve their house.
• slum electrification - slum dwellers do not always have access to electricity and have to rely on bottled gas or hook up illegally to supplies. the global partnership on output based aid have provided 10,000 slum dwellers with new or upgraded electricity connections. electricity is more consistent and blackouts are less frequent.
• Bristol is located in the south west of England on the river Avon.
• reasons for changes of distribution of population in UK

  • young people move to cities for better jobs
  • elderly move to countryside as they are retired
  • closer to family/friends
• population density is high in south east england because the relief is low and flat which made it easier for building as it was cheaper and easier.

  farming was easier due to more fertile soils and better water supplies.

  the climate was more habitable as it is warmer at a lower altitude and closer to the equator.
• bristol transport links

  • mainline railway stations are bristol temple meads and bristol parkway
  • Clifton suspension bridge crosses the river Avon and links bristol to north somerset
• history and culture of bristol

  • gained city status in 1542
  • famous for historical british port which played a major role in discovery of and trade with North America
  • slavery financed a lot of its growth in 18th century
  • at least 45 religions and 91 main languages
• importance of bristol

  • one of england's largest and most economically and culturally important cities for eight hundred years
  • UK's greenest city - one of first cities to declare climate and ecological emergencies
  • 465,900 population
  • hosts St Paul's carnival which attracts 40,000 visitors a year
• leisure opportunities in bristol

  • cabot circus attracts 18 million visitors per year and generates a revenue of $19 million
  • ashton gate stadium has an annual revenue of $14.7 million
• why is bristol nationally important?

  • tourist attractions such as cabot circus
  • leading green city in the UK
  • found on M4, an important transport route between London and Wales
  • cultured city with lots of festivals and artwork
  • good education opportunities - Bristol university
  • good transport links - airport and train stations
• why is Bristol internationally important?

  • massive container ports - 700,000 cars imported here each year
  • large scale industry - 2nd largest silicon chip manufacturers in the world
  • international hot air balloon festival attracts 100,000 tourists each day
• positives of migration to Bristol

  • enriches city's cultural life
  • mainly young migrants help to balance the ageing population
  • improving levels of skills where there are shortages
  • contributes to local and national economy
  • hard working and motivated work force working mainly in hospital, retail, manufacturing, health, construction and transport
• negatives of migration to Bristol

  • need to provide education for children who's first language is not english
  • challenge of integration into the wider community
  • pressure in housing and employment
  • pressure on public services
• socio-economic opportunities in bristol

  • the Colston hall for concerts and entertainment
  • bristol hippodrome
  • 2 professional football teams and a rugby union team
  • cabot circus
  • st paul's carnival
• economic opportunities in Bristol

  • large quaternary sector with 65,000 employed in it
  • old warehouses being used for flats or new industry
  • high-tech industries
  • universities help development of high-tech industries because of advanced research at the universities and the provision of young individuals to work in these industries
• high tech industries have been attracted to bristol due to:

  • a clean and non polluted environment
  • advanced research at the university
  • educated and skilled workforce
  • close links between city council and university
  • different industries working collaboratively in research and development
  • a government grant of $100 million to become a super connected city with a broadband download speed of at least 80Mbps
• Aardman animations

  • set up in 1972
  • employed 200 people
  • its films have won an oscar and many other rewards
• European green capital award

  • Avon wildlife trust
  • £2 million funding for 204 projects citywide
  • 36,000 primary school children helping
  • bio-bus that runs on organic matter
  • 850 local companies part of the bristol green capital partnership
  • sustainable shaun - 52,00 children reached so far
  • city to sea waste management
• let's get people cycling - Bristol

  • 75% of y6 pupils will achieve level 2 bikeability qualification to encourage future generations to use a bike
  • 19% of residents now cycle each month
  • focuses on using quieter routes for cycling
• bristol environment statistics

  • 30% of bristol is open space
  • 90% of the population live withing 350 metres of a park
  • 8 nature reserves
  • 55% of city have access to local allotments to create green infrastructure for future buildings to fit in with green spaces around the city