UCSP

• Kinship is a social institution that refers to relations formed between members of the society.
• Kinship by Blood, also known as consanguineal kinship, is considered as the most basic and general forms of relations.
• Descent refers to a biological relationship, making an individual’s child of his/her parents and ancestry.
• Lineage refers to the line where one’s descent is traced, a person’s paternal or maternal line.
• Endogamy or Compulsory marriage is a marriage practice in some societies where individuals are required to marry within their own village, community, ethnic, social or religious group.
• Exogamy or Out-marriage is a marriage custom where an individual is required by society’s norms and rules to marry outside of their own group.
• Monogamy is a marriage or sexual partnering custom or practice where an individual has only one male or female partner to mate.
• Polygamy is the practice of having more than one partner or sexual mate.
• Polygyny is when a man has multiple female partners or mates.
• Polyandry is when a woman has multiple male and partners and mates.
• Band is a political unit that is usually a very small, often nomadic group, connected by family ties and is politically independent.
• Tribe is a combination of smaller kin or non-kin groups, linked by a common act as one.
• Chiefdom is a political unit headed by a chief, who holds power over more than one community group.
• State is a political unit that has sovereignty, the legitimate and ultimate authority of the state, over an area of territory and the people within it.
• Nation consists of a distinct population of people bound together by a common culture, history, and tradition who are typically concentrated within a specific geographic regions.
• 1. Kinship by Rituals 

  • Baptism
  • Confirmation
  • Wedding
• Institution is composed of a formal rules, informal norms, or agreed upon understanding that constraint and prescribe political actors’ behavior and interaction with one another.
• State Institution are institutions that have state functions and are established to govern the state including all other agencies, bureaus, and offices.
• Bank is a financial institution licensed to provide financial services to different types of customers.
• Non-State Institution is a group of people or organization that participates in international affairs and relations but is not affiliated with any state or nation.
• Corporation is owned by a group of people but has a separate legal identity.
• Trade Unions are organizations composed of workers or employees from related fields, aims to represent the interests and rights of its members, both in workplace and society.
• Cooperatives are made up of people with common interest who agreed to work together for easy, safe and affordable access to commodities, loans, and other services.
• Development Agencies are agencies that promote progress by engaging in projects, policymaking, and dialogue.
• Civil Organizations are organizations created to expose the conditions of the marginalized sector of the society by using mass media as its platform as they raise critical issues to the government.
• Transnational Advocacy Group is an influences government to take action on matters commonly neglected.
• Economy is an institution organized around production, consumption and distribution of goods and services.
• Production consists of making something from raw materials.
• Reciprocity is the giving of gifts obligates the recipient to return something similar value.
• Retribution requires centralized government with its rulers to collect taxes and demand payments and decide how to allocate this wealth in order to maintain their own power.
• Free Market System is a system where the worth of any item depends on how much others are willing to pay for it, in return, depends on how many other buyers and sellers there are in the marketplace.
• Banking is moving funds among two or more accounts held by the same or different individuals.
• Real Estate is the conveyance of title to a property from the seller to the buyer through deed of transfer, following payment of the price.
• Securities Trading is the delivery of stock certificate by the seller’s broker to the buyer’s broker followed by conveyance of the title by recording the change in the stock register.
• Consumption is the means to eat up, how members use and consume goods and services.
• Economics is the study of how men and society choose, with or without the use of money, to employ scarce productive resources which could have alternative uses, to produce various commodities over time and distribute them for consumption now and in the future amongst various people and groups of society.
• Demand is the product lies on the consumer’s willingness to buy a large quantity at a low price and very little at a high price.
• Supply is determined by the producer’s willingness to produce and market a larger quantity when the price is high and less when the price is low.
• Goods are products which are needed (shelter, food) or that are wanted (television, smartphone).
• Services are activities which are performed in order to benefits someone (e.g medical/health care).