ethnicity

• 1. ethnic groups more likely to commit crime than white majority - over represented in crime stats
• 1. ethnic groups are more likely to commit crime than white majority

  right realism - murray young black males more likely involved due to single mothers and lacking male role model so turn to gangs for 'tough love'

  AO3 can join for income for parent not for gangs - material dep and poverty main factors
• 1. ethnic groups more likely to commit crime than white majority

  left realism - due to marginalisation (racism and economic exclusion so commit utilitarian crime due to lack of opportunities commit non utilitarian to vent anger) and relative deprivation
• 1. ethnic groups more likely to commit crime than white majority

  anomie and marginalisation - cashmore young black youth aspiration and economic status do not match so feel strain to anomie and innovate with utilitarian crime. marginalised so vent anger with non utilitarian

  AO3 - doesnt account for most black youths as most dont turn to crime
• 1. ethnic groups more likely to commit crime than white majority

  functionalist subculture theory cohen - some minorities feel status frustration - annoyed they cannot achieve society goals legitimately eg. black youth fail gcse so no qualification so join deviant subcultures for street capital and reputation
• 1. ethnic groups more likely to commit crime than white majority

  AO3 - higher crime rate may be due to social and economic deprivation og young people in inner city deprived council estates rather than ethnicity
• 2. ethnic minority groups arent more criminal - victims of police sterotyping and institutionalised racism

  labelling + overpolicing - more likely to see ethnic as criminal eg. black people likely stopped and searched 9x more than white - alienates leads to deviancy amplification. high overpolicing leads to high crime rates eg. 2011 london riots

  AO3 - government initiative increased black alienation eg. 2019 fried chicken box to warn against knife crime
• 2. ethnic minority groups arent more criminal - victims of police stereotyping and institutionalised racism

  institutionalised racism -overrepresented as police is institutionally racist intention or unintentionally leads to lack of support or certain ethnic groups
• 2. ethnic minority groups arent more criminal - victims of police stereotyping and institutionalised racism

  lawrence - black teen murdered by white thugs unprovoked, police mishandled and assumed he was in a gang. Macpherson report concluded police were institutionally racist and collective failure to investigate murder was subconscious showing police canteen culture. eg. criminalisation of black drill artist inciting gang violence

  AO3 - eg. george floyd police brutality support
• 2. ethnic minority groups arent more criminal - victims of police stereotyping and institutionalised racism

  neo marxism - gilroy black criminality is a myth by racist stereotypes and are no more criminal than everyone else but police criminalise due to its white oppressor

  criminal behaviours a symbolic resistance against white society from oppression

  AO3 black crime can be intraracial - black vs black hard to see as resistance of oppression
• 2. ethnic minority groups arent more criminal - victims of police stereotyping and institutionalised racism

  hall - crisis of hegomony led to black mugger to shift blame of societys problem
• 2. ethnic minority groups arent more criminal - victims of police stereotyping and institutionalised racism

  AO3 - intersectionality - other factors like gender affect ethnic criminal experience eg. black woman 2x leikly to be arrested than white showing gendered racial stereotypes
• VICTIMISATION

  black youth likely to be victims of assault and murder, live in inner areas with establish gang culture so can recieve gang violence eg. stabbing
• VICTIMISATION

  south asian high risk of honour killings - cultural eg. 'bring shame to the family'
• VICTIMISATION

  race hate crime to chinese people in COVID leading to physical abuse
• VICTIMISATION

  race hate crime of black people eg. lawrence or muslims after machester arena terrorist attack
• VICTIMISATION

  media and justice system has an 'ideal victim' - innocent, vunerable, deserving.

  lawrence did not match ideal victim so was not investigated properly due institutionally racist policing