gender

• women make up just 5% of prison population in england and wales
• 1. women commit less crime

  sex role theory +gender socialisation - functionalist and new right women less likely to offend due to expressive role of non aggressive traits - socialised to feminine traits and passive so will commit less

  AO3 outdated, not all women hold expressive role HOWEVER there is triple shift burden for women
• 1. women commit less crime

  control theory - feminist heidensohn women are controlled at home, public and work limiting opportunities to commit crime eg. patriachal control for housework, childcare, strict curfew whereas boys have opposite, victim of SA so less likely yo go out at night or glass ceiling to power positions

  AO3 women face dual burden
• 1. women commit less crime

  bedroom culture - girls social life revolve in bedrooms so less likely to be involved in crime whereas boys are more likely to socialise out the home
• 1. women commit less crime

  fear of social disapproval - feminists argue women less likely to commit due to this - patriachal society women expected to behave feminine or will be shamed if they commit crime
• 2. women commit more crime than official stats show

  underestimates as they do not fit police stereotypes due to gender stereotypes so less likely to be watched or caught

  typically caught in small internal crimes eg. shoplifting not recorded
• 2. women commit more crime than official stats show

  chivarly thesis - less likely to be reported as treated more leniently for justice system to protect them due to patriachal ideas women are unable to offend - gender stereotypes, family life took into consideration
• 2. women commit more crime than official stats show

  AO3 - justice system can be biased against women

  heidenson - female offenders can be double deviant - break law and go against feminine behaviour eg. child abuse are evil, violate traditional gender role and have severe consequences than men with similar offence
• 3. female crime is rising

  liberation thesis - adler says women liberation leads to more opportunity for crime as they have professional crimes so commit powerful offences eg. accountant signing cheques to herself in 2019

  AO3 doesnt explain working class women crimes
• 3. female crime is rising

  ladette culture - changing gender oles led more young women doing risk taking behaviour. denscombe - ladette culture where women act like traditional men lead to less patriachal control and challenge gender stereotypes

  AO3 - can be seen as moral panic, double standards compared to men eg. binge drinking, still subject to patriachal control in public
• 3. female crime is rising

  poverty and hardship - due to capitalism and patriachy eg, single parents stuggle in benefits, low paid austerity cuts so forced to commit for children

  AO3 - not all working class women or parents turn to crime
• 3. female crime is rising

  no class or gender deal - carlen if women dont get material rewards\ from paid employment or from the family theyll commit crime - get rewards due to poverty or abusive parents so feel they have nothing to loose

  AO3 - reflects merton however carlens research was micro scale so not generalisable
• 4. men commit more crime than women

  sex role theory+ gender socialisation - men can be socialised into agrressive traits, more opportunity to commit white collar, social pressure to be masculine and provide lead to property crimes or street crimes

  AO3 decrease in TNF society is changing into more gender neutral
• 4. men commit more crime than women

  assert hegemonic masculinity - messerschmidt - male criminals an expression of this 'real man' is dominant, tough if they cannot assert this they will commit criminal or violence to express masculinity eg. domestic violence if a man is paid lower than wife

  AO3 - not all who lack hegemonic turn to crime, not an explanation justa description
• 4. men commit more crime than women

  change in economy - globalisation = decline in manufacturing jobs with working class men due so feel strain to anomie and pressure so innovate and commit or retreat and give up. led to crisis of masculinity so may become bouncers to regain masc identity eg. winlow study
• 4. men commit more crime than women

  PM edgework - lying argues young men are more likely to engage in edgework eg. dangerous driving for the risk and is more common in males than females
• VICTIMISATION

  women more likely to be victims of domestic violence due to patriachy of ideal wife being toxic to justify violence and men asserting hegemonic masc of a real man
• VICTIMISATION

  sexual harassment of women in public eg. london underground as women wont speak out due to fear so it is normalised
• VICTIMISATION

  increase in misogyny hate crime eg. women mp misogyistic tweets on appearence due to toxic masc to express dominance and superiority
• VICTIMISATION

  men likely to be victims of violent crime like assault due to more time in public and asserting hegemonic masc or personal theft due to 'hugger muggings'
• VICTIMISATION EVALUATION

  women may be reluctant to report crime due to fear of secondary victimisation - become victim second time with police and relive events
• VICTIMISATION EVALUATION

  evidence of institutionalised racism in courts - only 7% of rape cases lead to criminal conviction