Ch 17: Blood

• what are the 4 functions of blood?

  transport, buffering, defense, clotting
• one function of blood is to transport gases, nutrients, hormones, waste, and other molecules
• which gases does blood transport?

  carbon dioxide and oxygen
• buffering is the process that moderates changes (i.e. pH, temperature, osmolarity)
• blood functions to defend against foreign invaders like bacteria or parasites
• clotting is the mechanism used to prevent blood loss
• 5 liters of blood would be composed of 3 liters of plasma and 2 liters of cellular elements
• blood is composed of plasma + cellular elements
• what are the 5 components of plasma?

  water, ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and gases
• what kind of waste is found in plasma?

  nitrogenous waste
• what are the 3 types of cellular elements in blood?

  1. red blood cells
  2. white blood cells
  3. platelets
• what are the 5 types of white blood cells?

  lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
• what kind of proteins are found in plasma?

  albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
• albumin comprises 60% of plasma proteins
• which plasma protein transports lipids, hormones, and steroids?

  albumin
• globulin comprises 35% of plasma proteins
• fibrinogen comprises 4% of plasma proteins
• which plasma protein transports antibodies?

  globulins
• antibodies are also known as immunoglobulins
• which plasma protein is responsible for creating osmotic pressure?

  albumin
• which plasma protein is essential for clotting?

  fibrinogen
• what kind of solutes are found in plasma?

  electrolytes, organic nutrients, and organic wastes
• plasma salts are an example of electrolytes found in plasma
• platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes critical for clotting
• white blood cells are also known as leukocytes
• what is the most prevalent type of leukocyte?

  neutrophils
• basophils are the least common type of leukocyte
• which element of blood defends against infection?

  white blood cells
• red blood cells are also known as what?

  erythrocytes
• erythrocytes deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
• leukocytes and thrombocytes make up the buffy coat of the blood
• what is the process of blood cell synthesis called?

  hematopoiesis
• synthesis of blood cells begins during early embryonic development and continues through life
• where does hematopoiesis occur?

  bone marrow
• the liquid fraction of blood is plasma
• water makes up more than 90% of plasma by volume
• water in plasma helps blood function as a temperature buffer
• water in plasma helps blood to absorb heat
• albumins are too large to leave the bloodstream; they regulate osmolarity and function as carrier molecules
• which 2 plasma proteins function as carrier proteins?

  albumins and globulins