CP 4

• Physiology study of functions and fundamental activities of plants and animals.
• Physiology study of the normal and specific contributions (role) of the bodily part to the economy(mode of operation and management) of a living organism.
• Physiology study of the functions of organisms and their parts.
• Insect Physiology study of the physical and chemical processes that make it possible for the various insect species to live.
• Toxicology the study of toxic compunds
• Toxicology the study of the effects of certain compounds
• Insecticide toxicology study of the toxicity or effectiveness of certain group of chemicals on insects.
• Pesticides a collective term to all chemical which kill pest by their chemical action.
• Insecticide any substance or product or mixture thereof including active ingredients adjuvants, and pesticide formulations, intended to control, prevent or mitigate, directly or indirectly insects.
• Safety practical certainty that injury will not result from the use of a substance under specific condition of quantity and manner of use.
• Toxicity capacity of a substance to produce injury.
• Hazard probability that injury will result from a chemical under specific conditions.
• Insecticides are poisons that affect the health or even cause death of humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife
• Pesticide toxicity level were color coded having red as the highly toxic and green as the very low toxic.
• 8.9 billion – used on herbicides
• 6.1 billion – used on insecticides
• 4.2 billion – used on fungicides
• 1.3 billion – used on other pesticides
• Herbicides – mostly used in the US.
• Fungicides – mostly used in Western Europe.
• Insecticides – mostly used in the Asian and Pacific region.
• The greatest share (about 75%) of the regional pesticide market is taken by insecticides which are mainly used on rice, cotton and vegetables.
• Fungicides are used mainly on vegetables, bananas and tobacco
• Herbicides is used in real estate crops.
• Approximately 50% of all insecticides and 80% of all herbicides are used for rice production (Rola and Bantilan, 1989).
• A SECRETORY system (Endocrine system)
• The exoskeleton is a noncellular material that is located on top of the epidermal cell layer and constitutes the outermost part of the integument.
• Chitin is a major constituent of the exoskeleton, or external skeleton, of many arthropods such as insects, spiders, and crustaceans. Exoskeletons made of this durable and firm compound support and protect the delicate soft tissues of these animals, which lack an internal skeleton.
• Molting is a periodic shedding of the cuticle followed by the formation of a new cuticle.
• Apolysis the separation of old cuticle from underlying epidermis as mediated in part by ecdysone hormone Ecdysis actual shedding of the remnants of the old cuticle as mediated by eclosion hormone
• Exuvia the remains of an exoskeleton and related structures that are left after ecdysozoans have moulted
• Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal (ecdysozoans) physically develops including birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation .