glycolysis GEN BIO

• The process of glycolysis involves various chemical reactions such as reduction, oxidation, isomerization, cleavage, and phosphorylation.
• Aerobic Respiration: Glycolysis involves the breakdown of each glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, yielding ATP molecules in the process.
• During glycolysis, the overall process involves the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and the splitting of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two molecules DHAP and G3P, which are considered as isomers.
• Triosephosphate isomerase catalyzes the transformation of DHAP into G3P.
• Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose molecules to generate energy and electron carriers, which will be further utilized in the electron transport chain in the mitochondria.
• The highlighted letter(s) is/are the beginning letters of the enzymes used in glycolysis: H - hexokinase, P - phosphoglucoisomerase, PHO - phosphofructokinase, A - aldolase, TRI - triosephosphate isomerase.
• The total number of molecular products in glycolysis is 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules.
• Pyruvate undergoes oxidation and becomes acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle.
• ATP is used in the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
• When G3P is oxidized, its electrons are picked up by NAD+ and becomes NADH.
• When 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate loses one of its phosphates, the phosphate reacts with ADP and becomes ATP.
• Pyruvate is oxidized during the transition reaction to form the acetyl-CoA.
• The energy-harvesting phase involves the production of ATP and NADH.
• The phosphate reacts with ADP to become ATP.
• The net products of glycolysis are 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and two pyruvate molecules.
• When PEP loses its phosphate, it becomes pyruvate.
• Glycolysis can be divided into two phases: The energy-investment phase involves the use of ATP molecules.
• To memorize the correct order of enzymes used during glycolysis, you may use the mnemonics below: HEPUT THE PHONE AND TRY TO GET THE PLASTIC PLATE EAT PIE.
• The energy-investment phase utilizes ATP because it is necessary for the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, and phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
• The energy-harvesting phase involves oxidation and phosphorylation of G3P molecules, the phosphate released from 1,3-BPG will be picked up by ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to form ATP, and phosphoglyceromutase transfers a phosphate group from the third carbon of 3-PGA to its second carbon, resulting in the 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PGA).
• 2-PGA becomes phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), which is accomplished by the removal of water from 2-PGA through an enzyme called enolase.
• PEP releases its phosphate molecules and are picked up by ADP to form ATP, a process catalyzed by pyruvate kinase and results in the formation of pyruvate and ATP molecules.
• Glycolysis produces a net amount of 0 ATP, 0 NADH, and 1 ATP is used.
• Glycolysis produces a net amount of 0 ATP, 0 NADH, and 1 ATP is used.