Krebs cycle

• Citric acid is responsible for the "sour" taste of citrus fruits.
• Citric acid plays a crucial role in the production of energy.
• Krebs cycle is a series of oxidation of molecules, resulting in the formation of NADH, FADH 2 , and GTP, as well as the release of CO 2 .
• Hans Adolf Krebs is a German-British scientist who discovered the Krebs cycle in the 1930s.
• The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic cycle, is a sequence of chemical reactions used to produce energy.
• Citric acid is the first product of the Krebs cycle, which forms from the reaction between acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.
• There are two molecules of pyruvate produced from glycolysis.
• The structure of a pyruvate molecule is: CH3COCOO−.
• Acetyl-CoA is formed from pyruvate through a transition reaction.
• Pyruvate, a three-carbon molecule, cannot immediately enter the Krebs cycle.
• The carboxyl group (COO−) in pyruvate is removed and released as carbon dioxide (CO2) during a transition reaction.
• The electrons released from the oxidation of a two-carbon molecule are transferred to NAD+, which then becomes NADH.
• The acetate molecule reacts with a sulfur-containing compound called coenzyme A during a transition reaction.
• The final product of the transition reaction is acetyl-CoA, which can now enter the Krebs cycle.
• In the transition reaction before the Krebs cycle, acetyl-CoA is formed from pyruvate through oxidation.
• Acetyl-CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to form citrate using citrate synthase in the mechanism of the Krebs Cycle.
• GTP is used to drive chemical reactions similar to how cells use ATP.
• NADH is produced from the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate.
• The Krebs cycle is the process of oxidizing and further breaking down two pyruvate molecules to produce energy.
• GTP is produced when succinyl-CoA loses its phosphate that replaces the coenzyme A.
• Malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate, catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase.
• The series of redox reactions during the Krebs cycle produces NADH, FADH2, CO2, and GTP.
• NADH and CO2 are produced in the oxidation of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.
• NADH and FADH2 are used to produce more ATP in the electron transport chain.
• The Krebs cycle produces NADH and CO2.
• CO2 and NADH are also produced in this stage.
• NADH and CO2 are produced in the oxidation of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate.
• NADH and CO2 are produced in the oxidation of pyruvate (transition phase).
• The CO2 is released into the environment.
• FADH2 is produced from the oxidation of succinate to fumarate.
• Citrate is isomerized to isocitrate using aconitase in the mechanism of the Krebs Cycle.
• Isocitrate is oxidized into α-ketoglutarate in the mechanism of the Krebs Cycle.
• The ⍺-ketoglutarate is oxidized to succinyl-CoA in the mechanism of the Krebs Cycle.
• Formation of succinate catalyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase in the mechanism of the Krebs Cycle.
• Oxidation of succinate into fumarate, catalyzed by succinic dehydrogenase in the mechanism of the Krebs Cycle.
• Water is added to fumarate to form malate, catalyzed by fumarase in the mechanism of the Krebs Cycle.