Human anatomy

• Basic Human and Mammalian Anatomy involves revising body plans and human anatomy, understanding the segmentation and specialisation of the body, its tissues and organs, understanding the basic body systems such as circulation, respiration, lymph, and renal, and understanding the systems of muscles and tendons, synovial joints, arthritis, circulatory system, respiratory system, lymphatic system, and renal system.
• Segmentation and Symmetry in Bilateral Symmetry is advantageous as it allows more specialised segmentation, especially cephalisation.
• Humans and most other animals are triploblastic, meaning that during development, we have three germ layers formed.
• The Human Body consists of systems such as muscles and tendons, synovial joints, arthritis, circulatory system, respiratory system, lymphatic system, and renal system.
• Alveoli provide a very large surface area to facilitate gas transfer between blood and inspired air, with the surface area of human lungs being around 70 square metres, which is about half a tennis court.
• About 20 litres of fluid (i.e. plasma) is forced out of the capillaries into the interstitial space of tissues every day, with 17 litres being directly reabsorbed and the remaining volume handled by the lymphatic system.
• The lymphatic system filters and returns the fluid to the bloodstream, forming an important route for immune cells to circulate throughout the body.
• The body is full of feedback loops that control many processes ranging from blood pressure to neural plasticity, preventing things from running away and becoming too strong or too weak.
• Cortisol can stimulate the production of adrenaline in the adrenal medulla.
• The human nervous system consists of 37,000,000,000,000 cells, 100,000,000,000 neurons, 0.2% of the body's weight, 40,000,000,000,000 bacteria, and uses 60% of an infant's energy expenditure and 25% of an adult's energy, representing 2% of body weight and 1 litre of blood flow per minute.
• The dermis is the middle layer of skin, containing blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
• Skin color varies due to melanin production by melanocytes.