MV M1

• Penicillin is the first discovered and developed antibiotic which is discovered by Alexander Flemming
• Penicillin is made up of Penicillium notatum or Penicillium chrysogenum
• Penicillin was discovered when Flemming was studying S. aureus and saw a growth of molds in the plate that has bactericidal effects
• CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS:

  Penicillin, Polyenes, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, Tetracyclines
• examples of Penicillin

  Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Penicillin G
• examples of Polyenes

  Amphotericin B
• Cephalosporins


  Cephalexin, Ceftriaxone
• Macrolides

  Erythromycin, Azithromycin
• Tetracyclines

  Doxycycline, Tetracyclines
• FUNGI can be MOLDS or YEASTS
• Human acquired infections caused by fungi

  MYCOSES
• fungi can be

  CLASSICAL PATHOGENS / ENVIRONMENTAL SAPROPHOBES / SAPROPHYTES
• type of fungi that depends on decaying matter

  Saprophytes
• FUNGI are usually not communicable but person to person transmission is rare
• through inhalation, humans can become accidental host
• Initial infection is usually self-limiting
• MYCOSES May cause or lead to: Mild infections , Allergic reactions , Life threatening conditions
• Life threatening conditions are most common for IMMUNOCOMPROMISED patients, prolonged antibiotic therapy, and persons with predisposing disease (e.g. DM patients)
• fungi are eukaryotic organisms that possess true nucleus except yeast
• fungi are similar to plants but differ in: Stems and roots, Cell wall, Food storage, Absence of chlorophyll
• stems and roots in fungi

  absent
• stems and roots in plant

  present
• cell wall of fungi

  chitin
• cell wall of plant

  cellulose
• food storage of fungi

  glycogen
• food storage of plants

  starch
• chlorophyll in fungi


  absent
• chlorophyll in plants


  present
• fungi are obligate aerobes that produce conidia or spores which grow best at neutral pH
• moisture is necessary for fungi to grow
• two forms of fungi

  yeasts and molds
• m/y: eukaryotic

  molds
• single, vegetative cells

  yeast
• m/y: fuzzy wooly appearance (mycelia formation)


  m
• Smooth, creamy bacteria-like colonies (no hyphae)

  yeast
• m/y: Grows best at 25 ° C


  molds
• m/y: Grows best at 37 ° C

  y
• m/y: Sexual or Asexual

  m
• m/y: Budding or Fission

  y
• MOLDS: Direct visualization, Culture-based identification of microscopic with special stain MALDI-TOF (Matrix Associated Laser Desorption / Ionization Time of Flight)