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physics paper 1
topic 4 atomic structure
atoms and nuclear radiation
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Cards (96)
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same
element
with different
neutrons
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What makes carbon-14 a radioactive isotope?
It has an
unstable nucleus
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What happens to the nucleus during radioactive decay?
The nucleus gives out
radiation
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What is the purpose of radioactive decay?
To become
stable
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What kind of process is radioactive decay?
A
completely
random process
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What is activity?
Rate at which
nuclei
decay
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What unit is activity measured in?
Becquerel
(Bq)
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What does one Becquerel equal?
1
decay
per
second
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What device is used to measure the activity of a radioactive source?
A
Geiger-Muller
tube
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What is the count rate?
Number of
decays
recorded each
second
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What are the four different types of radiation that can be emitted by an unstable nucleus?
Alpha particle
Beta particle
Gamma ray
Neutron
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What does an alpha particle consist of?
Two
protons
and two
neutrons
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Why is count rate not the same as activity?
Due to
background radiation
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What is an alpha particle the same as?
The
nucleus
of a
helium atom
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What is a beta particle?
An electron ejected from the
nucleus
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Where does a beta particle come from?
Formed inside the
nucleus
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How is a beta particle formed?
Neutron
changes into a
proton
and electron
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What type of radiation is a gamma ray?
Electromagnetic radiation
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What is the fourth type of radiation sometimes given out by an unstable nucleus?
A
neutron
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What does it mean for an isotope to be radioactive?
Its
nuclei
decay and release
radiation
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Why is radioactive decay described as a random process?
Because we cannot
predict
when it will happen
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Approximately how far can alpha particles travel in air?
Around 5
cm
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What are the three types of radiation discussed?
Alpha particles
,
beta particles
, and
gamma radiation
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Why do alpha particles have a short range in air?
They are
large
and
collide
with
air particles
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Approximately how far can beta particles travel in air?
Around 15
cm
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What material is required to stop alpha particles?
A single sheet of
paper
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How far can gamma radiation travel in air before stopping?
Several
meters
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What material is needed to stop beta particles?
A few
millimeters
of
aluminium
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What type of material is required to stop gamma radiation?
Several
centimeters
of
lead
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What are ions?
Atoms
with a charge
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What process can radiation cause when it collides with atoms?
Atoms
lose
electrons
and
form
ions
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How strongly ionizing are alpha particles?
Very
strongly ionizing
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How strongly ionizing are beta particles?
Quite
strongly ionizing
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How does the ionizing power of beta particles compare to alpha particles?
Beta
particles
are
not
as
ionizing
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How strongly ionizing is gamma radiation?
Only
weakly
ionizing
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What does a nuclear equation show?
What is produced when a
radioactive
nucleus
decays
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What particles are contained within an alpha particle?
Two
protons
and two
neutrons
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What is an alpha particle identical to?
The
nucleus
of a
helium atom
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How is an alpha particle represented by scientists?
By using the symbol for
helium
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What does the atomic number of 2 on the helium symbol tell us about an alpha particle?
It contains two
protons
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