ATS GCSE Biology - Effect of lifestyle on some non-communicable diseases

• scatter diagram


  used to identify a correlation between two variables in terms of risk factors

  
• interaction of factors


  many diseases are caused by the interaction of a number of factors

  
• ionising radiation


  radiation penetrates cells and damages chromosomes resulting in a mutation in the DNA increase exposure increases the risksources- ultraviolet light (from Sun) → Skin cancer (melanoma)- x-rays (medical and dental)- nuclear power accidents (e.g. Chernobyl)- materials in soil, water & air (e.g. radon gas in granite-rich areas in Cornwall and Pennines)

  
• alcohol and pregnancy

  alcohol passes through the placenta to the developing babycan result in- miscarriage- stillbirths - premature births - low birth weight brain and body of baby can be affected especially in the early stages of pregnancy - facial deformities- problems with teeth, jaw, hearing, kidney, liver or heart- learning or developmental problems

  
• alcohol (ethanol)


  social drug, very addictive liver can usually remove it before permanent damage or deathheavy drinkers:cirrhosis of the liver, liver tissue is destroyed carcinogen, increased risk of liver cancer brain damage, brain becomes soft and pulpy resulting in death

  
• control of type 2 diabetes

  control amount of carbohydrates in dietlose weightregular exercise

  
• type 2 diabetes

  body cells do not respond to insulinblood sugar levels difficult to controlleads to problems with:- circulation- kidney function- eyesight can lead to deathlinks with obesityit's becoming more common with younger people

  
• obese


  grossly fat or overweighthealth issues can arise from excess weight

  
• obesity

  risk factor for: - type 2 diabetes - high blood pressure - heart disease if you eat more food than you need this leads to being overweight then obese excess food stored as fat

  
• exercise


  people who exercise regularly are USUALLY healthier than people who don'tregular exercise results in bigger muscles fitter hearts bigger lungs less likely to develop cardiovascular disease or diabetes

  
• COPD


  alveoli tissue breaks down causing severe breathlessness or death

  
• bronchitis


  inflammation and infection of the bronchi

  
• tar


  carcinogen found in tobacco smoke causes cancer (lung, throat, larynx and/or trachea cancer)sticky black chemicalaccumulates in the lungs this can cause bronchitisand/or COPD

  
• lung disease


  cilia in trachea and bronchi anaesthetised by chemicals in tobacco smokedirt and pathogens pass into lungs results in an increase risk of infectionscoughing from mucus build up

  
• smoking during pregnancy

  fetus may not get enough oxygenpremature birthlow birthweightstillbirths where the baby has died in the womb

  
• smoking local effects

  nicotine is the addictive chemicalcarbon monoxide is a poisonous gas it stops red blood cells from carrying oxygenthis results in breathless when exercising lung disease lung cancer

  
• lifestyle factors


  dietalcohol smoking exercise be ready to discuss at local, national and global levels

  
• cost of non-communicable disease

  human and financialto: - an individual- a local community- a nation - globally(Be prepared to discuss these in exam answers)