Transport systems in animals: circulatory system

• What does blue blood release in the pulmonary circuit?

  Carbon dioxide
• What is the name of the valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

  Mitral valve
• What are the specific vessels that serve particular regions in the circulatory system?

  • Pulmonary artery: to lungs
  • Hepatic artery: to liver
  • Renal artery: to kidneys
• What connects arteries and veins in the circulatory system?

  Capillaries
• What are the main tasks of transport systems in animals?

  • Carry oxygen and nutrients to cells
  • Remove waste products
  • Distribute hormones
  • Help regulate temperature
• What is the name of the valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

  Tricuspid valve
• What is the name of the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?

  Aorta
• How does blood flow through the circulatory system?

  1. Deoxygenated blood flows from the body to the heart's right atrium
  2. Blood flows to the right ventricle, then to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
  3. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the heart's left atrium
  4. Blood flows to the left ventricle, then is pumped out to the body via the aorta
  5. Blood circulates through arteries, capillaries, and veins back to the heart
• What does blue blood collect in the systemic circuit?

  Carbon dioxide and waste
• What are the main components of the circulatory system?

  • Heart
  • Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
  • Blood
• What is the wall structure of veins?

  Thin, elastic
• What does red blood pick up in the pulmonary circuit?

  Oxygen
• What two opposing forces influence fluid exchange in capillaries?

  Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
• What is the name of the blood that has a low oxygen content and high carbon dioxide content?

  Black blood
• What is the name of the duct that drains lymph fluid from the lower body into the venous system?

  Thoracic duct
• What is the name of the main vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart?

  Inferior vena cava
• What does the mitral valve do?

  It allows blood from left atrium to ventricle
• What are the key functions of the circulatory system?

  • Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body
  • Regulate body temperature
  • Protect the body from infection and disease
  • Facilitate gas exchange in the lungs
• What occurs during diastole in the heart?

  The heart relaxes allowing blood to flow back in
• What is the name of the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

  Pulmonary artery
• What is the purpose of the aortic valve?

  It allows blood from left ventricle to aorta
• What is the name of the blood vessel that carries blood from the stomach and intestines to the liver?

  Hepatic portal vein
• What is the relationship between capillary hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure?

  • Fluid exits capillary since capillary hydrostatic pressure (35 mm Hg) is greater than blood colloid osmotic pressure (25 mm Hg)
  • No net movement of fluid since capillary hydrostatic pressure (25 mm Hg) = blood colloid osmotic pressure (25 mm Hg)
  • Fluid re-enters capillary since capillary hydrostatic pressure (18 mm Hg) is less than blood colloid osmotic pressure (25 mm Hg)
• What are the key processes involved in fluid movement across the capillary membrane?

  • Filtration: Fluid exits capillary due to higher capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • No net movement: No net fluid movement due to equal capillary hydrostatic and blood colloid osmotic pressures
  • Reabsorption: Fluid re-enters capillary due to higher blood colloid osmotic pressure
• What is the function of the pulmonary valve?

  It allows blood from right ventricle to lungs
• What is the overall purpose of the lymph system?

  To maintain fluid balance and protect against infection
• What is the primary function of capillaries?

  Facilitate fluid exchange between blood and tissues
• What are the main components of the circulatory system?

  • Heart
  • Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
  • Blood
• What is the main structural difference between a capillary and an artery/vein?

  Capillaries have a very small lumen and a wall made of a single layer of cells
• How do red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide?

  • Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin
  • Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
  • This allows the transport of oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs
• What is the path of blood flow through the heart?

  1. Venous blood enters right atrium
  2. Through tricuspid valve to right ventricle
  3. Through pulmonary valve to lungs
  4. Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium
  5. Through mitral valve to left ventricle
  6. Through aortic valve to body
• What is the role of the tricuspid valve?

  It allows blood from right atrium to ventricle
• How does the blood flow pressure in arteries compare to veins?

  Arteries have high pressure, veins have low pressure
• What are the key structural differences between arteries and veins?

  Arteries:

  • Thick outer wall
  • Small lumen
  • Thick layer of muscles and elastic fibers

  
  

  Veins:

  • Thin outer wall
  • Large lumen
  • Thin layer of muscle and elastic fibers
• What causes Atherosclerosis?

  Plaque buildup in arteries
• Why do red blood cells have a flexible membrane?

  To allow movement through capillaries
• Why do red blood cells have a biconcave shape?

  Their biconcave shape allows them to pass through tight spaces in the bloodstream
• What are the distinct structures of arteries, veins, and capillaries?

  • Arteries: Thick, muscular walls; small lumen; high pressure blood flow.
  • Veins: Thin, elastic walls; large lumen; low pressure blood flow.
  • Capillaries: Single cell layer walls; very small lumen; slow blood flow.
• What is the wall structure of arteries?

  Thick, muscular
• What is the shape of red blood cells?

  Biconcave