micropara

• ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

  Microbial agents are substances that kill or inhibit microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They can be used as disinfectants, antiseptics, antibiotics, and more.

   
• ANTIBIOTICS/ ANTIBACTERIALS

  against bacteria, e.g. dugs for bacterial pneumonia

   
• ANTIVIRALS

  Þ against viruses, e.g. drugs for herpes and HIV

   
• Antibiotics

  • used to treat or prevent some types of bacterial infection. They work by killing bacteria or preventing them from spreading.

   
• ANTI PARASITIC AGENTS

  Þ against parasites, e.g. drugs for malaria

   
• ANTIFUNGALS

  Þ against fungi, eg. drugs for yeast infections

   
• Fasciolopsiasis • infection with the intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski, which is acquired by eating aquatic plants or ingesting contaminated water.
• Paragonimus westermani (oriented lung fluke) • causing paragonimiasis. Human infections are most common in eastern Asia and in South America. Paragonimiasis may present as a sub-acute to chronic inflammatory disease of the lung.
• Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke or sheep liver fluke) • a parasitic trematode of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects the livers of various mammals, including humans, and is transmitted by sheep and cattle to humans all over the world
• Antiviral

  • a medication that treats viral infections. Antivirals can help reduce the risk of spreading viruses, shorten the duration of an illness, and reduce the risk of severe illness.

   
• Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) is an antiviral that can be prescribed to treat COVID-19.
• Antifungals

  · Used to treat fungal infections, antifungals disrupt fungal cell membranes or cell walls

   
• Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid worm or dog tapeworm) • a cyclophyllid cestode that dwells in the small intestine of canids as an adult, but which has important intermediate hosts
• · Suppositories: Used vaginally to treat fungal infections

   
• · Injections: Given intravenously or as a shot to treat severe fungal infections

   
• · Liquids: Taken orally to treat fungal infections

   
• · Sprays: Applied to the skin to treat fungal infections

   
• Antiparasitics

  · Used to treat infections caused by parasitic organisms, antiparasitics interfere with the parasite's metabolism or nervous system

   
• · Ivermectin: Targets the parasite's nervous and muscular systems, causing paralysis

   
• · Albendazole: Disrupts the parasite's metabolism and energy production

   
• Tissue-dwelling flukes, or trematodes

  
  

  • are parasitic flatworms that infect various

  tissues and organs, including the liver,

  lungs, and intestines, and can be classified

  as liver, lung intestinal, or blood flukes.
• · Benzimidazoles: Disturb the parasite's energy metabolism and microtubule polymerization

   
• · Levamisole: Causes reversible spastic paralysis of the worm

   
• Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) • - only a few centimeters long, releases eggs that require no intermediate hosts. It is possibly the most common cestode found in humans, affecting chiefly children.
• · Praziquantel: Damages the worm's tegument and increases muscle activity

   
• Schistosomiasis • also known as snail fever (bilharzia) Katayama fever is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. It affects the urinary tract or the intestines. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine.
• · Paromomycin: Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 165 ribosomal RNA subunit

   
• · Toltrazuril: Active against several genera of the Apicomplexa

   
• Broad fish tapeworm

  
  

  • scientifically known as Diphyllobothrium

  latum, is a large parasite that infects humans through the consumption of raw or

  undercooked freshwater fish, potentially

  causing diphyllobothriasis.
• Immunology

  · study of the body's defense system, called the immune system. The immune system protects the body from infections, foreign substances, and other threats.
• Cysticercosis

  
  

  • an infection of both humans and pigs with

  the larval stages of the parasitic cestode,

  Taenia solium. This infection is caused by

  ingestion of eggs shed in the feces of a human tapeworm carrier. These eggs are immediately infectious and do not require a

  developmental period outside the host
• Flukes • are parasitic flatworms that infect the blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, or liver.
• Immunogen

  · -substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies or a cell-mediated response. Immunogens are a type of antigen, but not all antigens are immunogens.

   
• Antigen

  · a substance that triggers the body's immune system to produce antibodies. Antigens can be found in the environment, in the body, or on cells.

  · Examples of antigens toxins, chemicals, bacteria, viruses, pollen, and cancer cells

   
• Trematoda • a class of flatworms known as flukes or trematodes. They are obligate internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, are mollusks and usually a snail
• Epitope

  · a small part of a molecule that triggers an immune response. It's also known as an antigenic determinant.

   
• · Epitopes are made up of amino acids or other chemical groups.

   
• Taeniasis in humans is a parasitic infection caused by the tapeworm species Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), and Taenia asiatica (Asian tapeworm).
• · Epitopes bind to specific receptors on B and T lymphocytes.

   
• · Linear epitopes are formed by a continuous sequence of amino acids.