Physical landscapes in the UK

• What are the different coastal processes?

  • weathering processes
  • mass movement
  • erosion
  • transportation
  • deposition
• What are the two different types of weathering processes?

  mechanical and chemical
• What are the different types of mass movement?

  • sliding
  • slumping
  • rock falls
• What are the different types of erosional processes?

  • Abrasion
  • hydraulic power
  • attrition
• What is a type pf transportation on coasts?

  Longshore drift
• What is a headland?

  A cliff that juts out into the sea and is surrounded by water on 3 sides
• What is a bay?

  A crescent shapes indent in the coastline found between 2 headlands
• What are the characteristics of Headlands?

  • hard rock
  • vertical cliff
  • high energy area with destructive waves
  • caves, arches, stacks usually found here
• What are the characteristics of Bays?

  • softer rocks
  • crescent shapes beach
  • low energy area with constructive waves
  • 2 headlands mark the edges
• What landforms are resulted from erosion?

  • headlands and bays
  • cliffs
  • wave cut platform
  • caves
  • arches
  • stacks
• What landforms are resulted from deposition?

  • beaches
  • sand dunes
  • spits
  • bars
• What are the characteristics of cliffs?

  • near vertical, bare rock
  • fallen rocks at the base
  • hard rock cliffs
  • soft rocks produce slumping cliffs
• What are the characteristics of wave cut platforms?

  • slopes gently down to sea at an angle
  • a pitted appearance or bare rock
  • deep cracks
  • seaweed
  • cover at high tide, exposed at low tide
• What are the characteristics of a cave?

  wide entrance becoming smaller further in
• What are the characteristics of an Arch?

  • unsupported top of arch
  • wide base with wave cut notches
  • water does all the way through
  • arch is part of headland
• What are the characteristics of a Stack?

  • detached pillars/ blocks off a headland
  • several metres high
  • wave cut notches at base
• What are the characteristics of Sandy beach?

  • shallow, almost flat
  • constructive waves
  • wide beach
• What are the characteristics of a pebbly beach?

  • steep gradient
  • destructive waves
  • narrower beach
• What are the characteristics of a sand dune?

  • unstable, steep slope
  • crests
  • gentle slope on windward side
• What are the characteristics of a Spit?

  • Narrow beach extending out from the end of mainland
  • A hook shaped at the end
  • Mudflats and saltmarshes behind the spit
• What is a Spit?

  a sand of shingle beach that is joined to the land but extends into the sea
• What are the characteristics of a Bar?

  • longshore drift is actively moving sediment
  • a ridge connecting two headlands, cutting off the bay
  • a lagoon forms behind it
• What is an example place where different rock structures are found?

  Dorset
• What are the different types of hard engineering techniques? COASTS

  • Sea walls
  • Gabions
  • Groynes
  • Rock armour
• What are the different types of soft engineering techniques? COASTS

  • beach nourishment
  • beach reprofiling
  • dune regeneration
  • managed retreat
• What is an Interlocking Spur?

  Projections of high land that alternates from either side of a valley and project into the valley floor
• What are the characteristics of Interlocking spurs?

  • a steep gradient
  • convex slopes
  • project from alternate sides
  • separated by a narrow valley
  • sometimes wooded
• What are the characteristics of Rapids?

  • turbulent flow of water
  • white water
  • uneven river bed
  • steep gradient
  • upper course
• What are the characteristics of Waterfalls?

  • hard and soft rock
  • overhang
  • bare rock
  • white water at the base 'plunge pool'
  • Erosion due to hydraulic action and abrasion
• What are the characteristics of Gorge?

  • very narrow valley
  • very steep, high valley sides
  • turbulent, fast flowing white water
  • Bare rock on sides
  • Boulders on the river bed
• What are the characteristics of the inside bank of meanders?

  • curved, beach like feature
  • very gentle, convex slope
  • sediment consists of sand, gravel and pebbles
  • rocks smoothed and rounded by attrition
  • flow is slow and water is shallow
• What are the characteristics of the outside bank?

  • steep down drop into river
  • can be several metres high
  • mostly of bare earth
  • loose material at base
  • flow is fast and water is deeper
• What are the characteristics of an Ox-Bow lake?

  • steep down drop
  • gentle slip off slope
  • stagnant water
  • marsh plants along the edges
• What are the characteristics of Levees?

  • raised river banks
  • composed of gravel and stone
  • steeper on the channel side
  • fairly flat top