C1 C2 & C3

• what is matter?

  anything that occupies space and mass
• characteristics of solids?

  particles packed tightly, lattice structure, not able to move freely, fixed volume, high density, definite shape and doesn't flow
• characteristics of liquids?

  particles close together, able to move, irregular arrangement, fixed volume, moderate density, is a fluid and takes shape of container
• characteristics of gas?

  particles spread far apart, able to move randomly, no fixed volume, low density, no definite shape and is a fluid
• changes in state of matter?

  solid to liquid; melting, liquid to gas; evaporation/vaporization, gas to liquid; condensation, liquid to solid; freezing and solid to gas; sublimation
• what is volatility?

  the property of how easily a liquid evaporates. a volatile liquid has a low boiling point because there are only weak intermolecular forces between the molecules
• kinetic particle theory?

  • matter is made up of small particles
  • particles move all the time
  • arrangement of particles is different for each state of matter
  • pressure of gas is produced by its atoms hitting walls of container
  • heavier gas particles move slower than lighter particles
  • larger molecules diffuse more slowly
  • rate of diffusion is inversely related to mass of particles
  • speed of particles increases with increase in temperature
• protons?

  positive charge, relative mass of 1, located in nucleus
• neutrons?

  relative mas of 1, no charge, located in nucleus
• electrons?

  negative charge, relative mass of 1/1840 and located in shells
• atomic number?

  The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
• mass number?

  The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
• to calculate the electronic configuration of an element, group number (columns) are the valence electrons and the period number (rows) are the number of shells
• what are isotopes?

  Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
• what is ionic bonding?

  a strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions. ionic compounds ae held together by electrostatic forces (strong)
• formation of ions

  to gain a full outer shell, atoms transfer electrons from one to another. when atom loses electron= cation (positive), when gain electrons= anions (negative)
• ionic bonding characteristics

  between metals and non metals, metals lose their outer electron and non metals gain them
• physical properties of ionic compounds?

  solids at r.t because there is a regular arrangement of ions in a lattice, high melting and boiling points because ions are attracted to each other by strong electrostatic forces, often soluble in water because water is attracted to charged ions and can conduct electricity when molten because in liquid, ions are free to move about so go towards electrodes when voltage is applied.
• what is covalent bonding?

  a chemical bonding formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms
• • macromolecules are held together by strong covalent bonds, for example diamond and graphite
• characteristics of diamond structure?

  tetrahedral structure, each carbon atom is attached to four others via covalent bonding
• characteristics of graphite structure?

  flat layers of linked hexagons, 2d giant molecule and each carbon is bonded to three others by strong covalent bonding
• properties of graphite?

  by appearance it's dark grey, by hardness it's soft (layers can slide over each other) and it conducts electricity because its structure allows electrons to move freely and therefore carry a charge
• uses of graphite?

  by hardness in pencils or lubricants and by electrical conductivity as electrodes or for brushes in electric motors
• properties of diamonds?

  by appearance it's colourless, transparent crystals, by hardness: it's the hardest substance and doesn't conduct electricity
• uses of diamonds?

  by appearance, in jewelry and by hardness in drill bits or glass cutters
• what is the combining power?

  the number of bonds that atom makes
• what is avogadros constant?

  6.022 x 10^23 (number of particles in one mole of a substance)