medicine and the industrial revolution

• Urban populations


  Rapidly increased during the 19th century.
• Cholera


  Waterborne disease causing severe dehydration and death.
• Typhoid


  Disease spread by contaminated food or water.
• Industrialisation


  Shift from rural to urban living post-1750.
• Back-to-back housing


  Common cheap housing for factory workers.
• Public Health Act 1848

  Established Central Board of Health for public health.
• Edwin Chadwick


  Lawyer who researched poor living conditions.
• John Snow


  Physician who investigated cholera outbreak in 1854.
• Great Stink


  Sewage crisis in 1858 affecting London.
• Joseph Bazalgette


  Designed London's sewerage system post-Great Stink.
• Life expectancy


  Average age at death; varied by location.
• Miasma theory


  Belief that diseases were caused by bad air.
• Sewage systems


  Infrastructure for waste disposal and sanitation.
• Public health reforms


  Actions taken to improve health conditions.
• Mortality rate


  Number of deaths per 1,000 people.
• Rivers Pollution Prevention Act 1876

  Law aimed at cleaning rivers and water supply.
• Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875

  Set standards for housing quality.
• Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875

  Regulated food labeling and safety.
• Cholera epidemics


  Recurring outbreaks in England during the 19th century.
• Contaminated water


  Water polluted by sewage or waste.
• Sanitation


  Systems for managing waste and clean water.
• Air pollution


  Health damage from burning coal in factories.
• Overcrowding


  High population density leading to health issues.
• Life expectancy disparity


  Significant differences based on location and occupation.
• Local board of health


  Community group overseeing public health improvements.
• Central Board of Health

  Government body established by 1848 Public Health Act.
• Public health systems


  Infrastructure supporting community health and sanitation.
• Chadwick's report


  Highlighted public health conditions in 1842.
• Water supply


  Provision of clean water to communities.
• Health conditions


  Overall state of health in a population.