modern medicine

• Shrapnel


  Fragmented metal from explosive devices causing injuries.
• Harold Gillies


  Pioneering surgeon known for facial injury treatments.
• Plastic Surgery


  Surgical specialty focused on reconstructing body parts.
• Pedicle


  Skin patch moved with blood supply for grafting.
• Francis Derwent Wood


  Sculptor who created facial masks for injured soldiers.
• Blood Transfusions


  Process of transferring blood to a patient.
• Sodium Citrate


  Chemical added to blood for short-term storage.
• X-rays


  Imaging technique used to visualize internal injuries.
• Marie Curie


  Scientist who advanced X-ray technology in WWI.
• Mobile X-ray Units

  Portable machines for on-site medical imaging.
• Amputation

  Surgical removal of a limb due to injury.
• Prosthetic Limbs


  Artificial devices replacing missing limbs.
• James Edward Hanger


  Inventor of improved prosthetic limbs after amputation.
• Trench Warfare


  Combat method causing numerous limb injuries in WWI.
• Liberal Reforms


  Health measures introduced by the Liberal Party.
• Charles Booth


  Researcher revealing poverty levels in London.
• Absolute Poverty


  Condition where basic needs cannot be met.
• Seebohm Rowntree


  Philanthropist studying poverty in York.
• Queen Mary's Hospital


  Facility for treating soldiers with facial injuries.
• Facial Masks


  Lifelike coverings aiding soldiers' social reintegration.
• Surgical Innovations


  New techniques developed for treating war injuries.
• Field Hospitals


  Temporary medical facilities near combat zones.
• Poverty Line


  Income threshold to avoid poverty, £125 in 2021.
• 1867 Reform Act


  Legislation granting voting rights to more working-class men.
• Labour Party


  Political party that first entered Parliament in 1900.
• Liberal Party


  Political party aiming to maintain working-class support through reforms.
• Second Boer War


  Conflict revealing public health issues in military recruits.
• Free School Meals


  Introduced in 1906 to improve children's health.
• Medical Inspections


  Started in 1907 to assess student health in schools.
• Old Age Pensions Act

  1908 law providing pensions to eligible seniors over 70.
• Labour Exchanges Act


  1909 act establishing job matching services for workers.
• National Insurance Act


  1911 act creating health care and sick pay deductions.
• Opposition to Reforms


  Criticism of Liberal reforms for insufficient support.
• Guinea Pig Club


  Support network for soldiers with severe facial injuries.
• Archibald McIndoe


  Surgeon treating soldiers' facial injuries during WWII.
• Blood Transfusions


  Technique for transferring blood to treat injuries.
• Charles Drew


  Surgeon who improved blood storage and transport methods.
• Blood for Britain


  Campaign for US civilians to donate blood during WWII.
• Health of Soldiers

  Concerns raised about soldiers' fitness during the Boer War.
• Pension Eligibility

  Criteria for receiving pensions based on income and age.