biology paper 4

• M - Movement

  R - Reproduction

  S - Sensitivity

  C - Control

  G - Growth

  R - Respiration

  E - Excretion

  N - Nutrition
• D - Domain

  K - Kingdom

  P - Phylum

  C - Class

  O - Order

  F - Family

  G - Genus

  S - Species
• Binomial Naming System : Genus AND Species names
• The Three domains :

  • Eukaryota
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
• Eukaryota : plants, fungi, other animals
• Bacteria : Single-celled prokaryotic organisms (found almost everywhere)
• Archaea : different type of Prokaryotic cell often found in extreme conditions, like hot springs and salt lakes
• Kingdoms :

  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Fungi
  • Protoctists
  • Bacteria
• Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protoctists = Eukaryotes
• Eukaryotic cells = cells that have a nucleus
• Bacteria = prokaryotic cells
• Prokaryotic organisms = cells that don't have a nucleus
• Plants

  • multicellular
  • cells contain chloroplasts
  • autotrophic (photosynthesis)
  • cellulose cell walls
  • store their sugar as starch or sucrose
• Plants :

  • Flowering Plants
  • Non-Flowering Plants
• Animals :

  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic
  • capable of complex movement
  • nervous coordination
  • glycogen store
• Animals : Invertebrates (no backbone) or Vertebrates (backbone)
• Fungi :

  • multicellular or unicellular
  • chitin cell wall
  • mycelium of hyphae which have many nuclei
  • saprophytic nutrition using extracellular enzymes
  • carbs stored as glycogen
• Protoctists :

  • known as the 'dustbin' kingdom
  • some are like animals, some are more like plants
  • mostly single-celled
• Bacteria :

  • small single-celled
  • peptidoglycan cell wall
  • capsule / slime layer
  • no nucleus
  • some have flagella
  • some contain plasmids
• Pathogen : any organism that ends up causing a disease
• Viruses :

  • not made of cells
  • very small
  • parasites
  • made of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) & surrounded by a protein coat
  • all natural viruses cause disease
• bile is made in the liver
• the stomach contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes which chemically digest food
• water is absorbed into the bloodstream in the large intestine
• assimilation : the movement of nutrients into cells
• teeth break down food mechanically
• saliva contains amylase (an enzyme)
• amylase breaks down starch into glucose
• lipases break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
• proteases break down proteins into amino acids
• carbohydrases break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
• fats & oils are needed for store of energy
• proteins = needed for growth and repair
• vitamin C deficiency = scurvy
• vitamin D deficiency = rickets
• fibre = needed for a healthy digestive system
• alveoli have a large surface area to allow for gas exchange to occur at a faster rate
• once the O² has binded to the haemoglobin in red blood cells in the alveoli (after diffusing in) they are then transported to every cell in your body to be used for respiration
• the heart is made out of cardiac muscle - never tires
• the heart contracting is called systole

  the heart relaxing is called diastole