Attachment

• What characterizes the emotional bonds between infants and caregivers?

  Deep, lasting, and emotional bonds
• What do infants and caregivers experience when close in their emotional relationship?

  Closeness and security
• What is reciprocity in the context of caregiver-infant interactions?

  A mutual turn-taking form of interaction
• How do caregivers and infants contribute to reciprocal interactions?

  By responding to each other's signals
• What is interactional synchrony?

  A simultaneous, rhythmic interaction
• What is a key feature of interactional synchrony between infants and caregivers?

  Matching coordinated behavior
• What is imitation in caregiver-infant interactions?

  The infant directly copies the caregiver's expression
• What is sensitive responsiveness?

  Adult correctly interprets infant communication and responds appropriately
• Who conducted an experiment where experimenters displayed facial gestures to infants?

  Meltzoff and Moore
• What facial gestures did Meltzoff and Moore use in their experiment?

  Sticking a tongue out and opening mouth
• In the study by Meltzoff and Moore, how old were the infants?

  12 to 21 days old
• What did Meltzoff and Moore's study suggest about infants' abilities?

  Infants can observe and reciprocate through imitation
• Who videotaped interactions between adults and neonates in 1974?

  Condon and Sander
• What did Condon and Sander focus on in their study?

  Movements of neonates in response to speech
• What did Condon and Sander's study provide evidence of?

  Interactional synchrony and coordination
• Why do many studies use multiple observers blind to the true aims?

  To provide inter-rater reliability
• What does the use of complex camera systems provide?

  High internal validity
• Why is it difficult to draw conclusions from infant interaction research?

  Infants cannot directly communicate thoughts/emotions
• What is a key limitation of caregiver-infant interaction research?

  Reliance on inferences about infant's mental states
• Why is social sensitivity a concern in caregiver-infant interaction research?

  Norms around interactions may cause some women stress
• Who identified the stages of attachment?

  Schaefer
• During which stage of attachment do babies display innate behaviors to ensure proximity?

  Asocial (0 to 6 weeks)
• What is a characteristic of the asocial stage of attachment?

  Babies can be comforted by anyone
• During which stage do infants develop the ability to distinguish familiar and unfamiliar individuals?

  Indiscriminate attachment (6 weeks to 7 months)
• What behavior is characteristic of the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  Smiling more at familiar people
• During which stage do babies form a strong attachment to a primary caregiver?

  Specific attachment (7 to 9 months)
• What two types of anxiety develop during the specific attachment stage?

  Separation and stranger anxiety
• During which stage do infants start to form attachments with other caregivers?

  Multiple attachment (9-10 months plus)
• What happens to stranger anxiety during the multiple attachment stage?

  It starts to decrease
• Who conducted a longitudinal observation of babies from Glasgow?

  Schaefer and Emerson
• How many babies were involved in Schaefer and Emerson's study?

  60
• In Schaefer and Emerson's study, when did separation anxiety occur in most babies?

  25 to 32 weeks
• According to Schaefer and Emerson, when did stranger anxiety typically start?

  One month after separation anxiety
• In Schaefer and Emerson's 18-month follow-up, what percentage of babies had multiple attachments?

  87%
• According to Schaefer and Emerson, what influenced the strength of attachment to the mother?

  Quality of caregiver-infant interaction
• What is a strength of Schaefer and Emerson's study?

  High level of mundane realism
• What is a potential limitation of Schaefer and Emerson's study?

  May not be generalizable or have temporal validity
• According to Schaefer, what percentage of infants had attachments with their father at 18 months?

  75%
• What type of activities are fathers seen to encourage more consistently?

  Active play
• What effect is thought to be caused by the stimulation of active play by fathers?

  Encourages risk-taking behaviors