anaerobic respiration: glucose --> lacticacid + energy
anaerobic respiration in plants: glucose --> ethanol + CO2 + energy
leaves are broad so there is a larger surface area for diffusion, also they are thin so there is a shortdiffusionpathway. leaves have airspaces which lets gases travel to cells easily. stomata are located on the bottom of the leave and allow oxygen and CO2 to enter and leave the leaf, also they allow for water to escape which is called transpiration
hydrogen carbonate indicator shows changes in CO2 concentration. Orange means there is a normal CO2 concentration, yellow means that CO2 concentration increases and purple means that CO2 concentration decreases
breathing in; intercostalmuscles and diaphragmcontract, thorax volume increases which decreasespressure drawing air into the lungs,
breathing out; intercostalmuscles and diaphragmrelax, thorax volume decreases and air is forced out
alveoli are specialised for gasexchange, they have cell wall which are onecellthick, a good bloodsupply to maintain a highconcentrationgradient and there are loads of them meaning there is a very largesurfacearea
smoking damages the walls inside the alveoli, reducing the surfacearea for gas exchange which could lead to diseases like emphysema
the tar in cigarettes damages the cilia in the trachea, this means that it is much harder to removebacteria and it could lead to chestinfections
the carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen the haemoglobin can carry. To make up for this, the heartrate increases and therefore the bloodpressure which leads to damage in the arterywalls increasing chances for bloodclots. this increases the risks of heartattacks