4.1.1 Pathogens

• What are pathogens defined as?

  Disease-causing microorganisms
• Viruses are non-cellular entities that require a host cell for replication.

  True
• Pathogens can cause disease by damaging tissues, producing toxins, or disrupting normal body functions.


  True
• Pathogens can disrupt normal body functions by interfering with physiological processes
• Bacteria are single-celled organisms that multiply by binary fission
• Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that feed on organic matter.


  True
• How do pathogens cause disease in a host organism?

  Damaging tissues, producing toxins, disrupting functions
• Which physiological system is impaired by the influenza virus?

  Respiratory system
• What does the influenza virus use to replicate its RNA/DNA within the host cell?

  Host cell machinery
• Match the mode of pathogen transmission with its description.

  Direct Contact ↔️ Physical contact with infected host

  Indirect Contact ↔️ Transmission via contaminated surfaces

  Airborne ↔️ Spread through tiny droplets

  Vector-borne ↔️ Transmission by an intermediate organism
• What is the primary method of transmission for airborne pathogens?

  Tiny droplets in air
• Bacteria multiply by binary fission
• Which protozoan causes malaria?

  Plasmodium falciparum
• Match the pathogen type with its description:

  Bacteria ↔️ Single-celled organisms that multiply by binary fission

  Viruses ↔️ Non-cellular entities requiring a host cell

  Fungi ↔️ Eukaryotic organisms that feed on organic matter

  Protozoa ↔️ Single-celled eukaryotic organisms
• Order the mechanisms by which pathogens cause disease:

  1️⃣ Directly damage tissues

  2️⃣ Produce toxins

  3️⃣ Disrupt normal body functions
• What are pathogens categorized into four main types based on their biological characteristics?

  Microorganisms
• What type of pathogens require a host cell for replication?

  Viruses
• Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms like Plasmodium falciparum
• Staphylococcus aureus releases toxins that can cause food poisoning.

  True
• Order the stages of a typical pathogen lifecycle.

  1️⃣ Attachment

  2️⃣ Penetration

  3️⃣ Replication

  4️⃣ Assembly

  5️⃣ Release
• Protozoa exit host cells via cell lysis or exocytosis
• Salmonella is often transmitted via contaminated food or water.


  True