Organic chem

• alkane to alkene is cracking
• alkane to halogenoalkane is free radical substitution
• alkene to polyalkene is addition polymerisation
• alkene to halogenoalkane is electrophilic addition
• alkene to alcohol is electrophilic addition
• conditions of thermal cracking:

  • high temperature
  • high pressure
• what conditions are needed for catalytic cracking

  • zeolite catalyst
  • pressure above atmospheric
  • moderate temperature
• what reagent is needed for electrophilic addition from an alkene to an alcohol?

  H2O
• what condition is needed for electrophilic addition from an alkene to an alcohol?

  • H2SO4 catalyst
  • room temperature
• what reagent is needed for electrophilic addition from alkene to alkane?

  H2
• what conditions are needed for electrophilic addition from alkene to alkane?

  nickel catalyst
• what reagent is needed for free radical substitution?

  X2
• what conditions are needed for free radical substitution?

  UV light
• what reagent is needed for electrophilic addition from alkene to halogenoalkane?

  HX or X2
• halogenoalkane to alcohol is nucleophilic substitution
• what reagent is needed for nucleophilic substitution from halogenoalkane to alcohol?

  NaOH or KOH
• what conditions are needed for nucleophilic subsitution from halogenoalkane to alcohol?

  • heat under reflux
  • mixture of water and ethanol solvent
• halogenoalkane to nitrile is nucleophilic subsitution
• what reagent is needed for nucleophilic subsitution from halogenoalkane to nitrile?

  KCN
• what conditions are needed for nucleophilic subsitution from halogenoalkane to nitrile?

  • warmed
  • ethanolic solvent
• halogenoalkane to amine is nucleophilic subsitution
• what reagent is needed for nucleophilic subsitution from halogenoalkane to amine?

  concentrated NH3
• what conditions are needed for nucleophilic subsitution from halogenoalkane to amine?

  • excess NH3
  • high pressure
  • warmed
  • ethanolic solvent
• halogenoalkane to alkene is elimination
• what reagent is needed for elimination from halogenoalkane to alkene?

  KOH or NaOH
• what conditions are needed for elimination from halogenoalkane to alkene?

  • high temperature
  • ethanol solvent
  • no H2O present
• alcohol to alkene is elimination
• what reagent is needed for elimination from alcohol to alkene?

  hot concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst
• alcohol to ester is esterification condensation
• what reagent is needed for esterification from alcohol to ester?

  carboxylic acid
• what conditions are needed for esterification from alcohol to ester?

  • heat under reflux
  • strong acid catalyst
• primary alcohol to aldehyde is oxidation
• what reagent is needed for oxidation of primary alcohol to an aldehyde?

  acidified potassium or sodium dichromate
• what conditions are needed for the oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde?

  • heat and distill product
• secondary alcohol to ketone is oxidation
• what reagent is needed for the oxidation of a secondary alcohol to a ketone?

  acidified potassium or sodium dichromate
• what conditions are needed for oxidation of secondary alcohol to a ketone?

  heat
• tertiary alcohols do not oxidise
• aldehydes undergo reduction to a primary alcohol via nucleophilic addition
• what reagent is needed for reduction of aldehyde to primary alcohol?

  NaBH4 in aqueous conditions