1.3.2 Data Analysis

• What are the two main types of environmental data?

  Qualitative and quantitative
• Qualitative data can be analyzed using advanced statistical tools

  False
• Qualitative data is often represented using descriptive statistics or visual representations
• Understanding whether data is quantitative or qualitative is crucial for selecting appropriate analysis techniques


  True
• The mean is calculated by summing all values and dividing by the total number of values
• Match the measure of dispersion with its description:

  Range ↔️ The difference between the highest and lowest values

  Variance ↔️ The average squared deviation from the mean

  Standard Deviation ↔️ The square root of the variance
• What is a line graph commonly used for?

  Displaying trends over time
• Match the graph type with its appropriate use:

  Line Graph ↔️ Displaying trends over time for quantitative data

  Bar Chart ↔️ Comparing quantitative data between categories
• What is the purpose of inferential statistics?

  Make inferences about a population
• A significance level of 5% means there is a 5% chance of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.


  True
• In inferential statistics, hypothesis testing is used to determine if a claim about a population parameter
• What type of data can be measured and expressed numerically?

  Quantitative data
• Understanding whether environmental data is quantitative or qualitative is crucial for selecting appropriate methods
• What is the median of the dataset [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]?

  6
• The standard deviation indicates the average deviation from the mean.


  True
• Graphs and charts must include clear labels and titles to communicate data effectively.

  True
• Inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions about a larger population
• The p-value is the probability of obtaining observed sample results assuming the null hypothesis is true
• Match the concept with its description in inferential statistics:

  Hypothesis Testing ↔️ Determines if a claim is supported

  Significance Levels ↔️ Maximum probability of incorrect rejection

  p-values ↔️ Probability assuming the null hypothesis is true
• A small p-value in a t-test indicates that pollution levels impact fish populations.


  True
• Match the concept with its description in inferential statistics:

  Hypothesis Testing ↔️ Determines if a claim is supported

  Significance Levels ↔️ Maximum probability of incorrect rejection

  p-values ↔️ Probability assuming the null hypothesis is true
• A small p-value in a t-test supports the conclusion that pollution levels affect fish populations.

  True
• Common significance levels are 5% or 1%, denoted as α = 0.05 or α = 0.01.


  True
• Steps to test if a new pollution control method reduces emissions:

  1️⃣ State the null hypothesis (H0)

  2️⃣ State the alternative hypothesis (H1)

  3️⃣ Choose a significance level

  4️⃣ Collect sample data and calculate the p-value

  5️⃣ Compare the p-value to the significance level

  6️⃣ Reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis
• Quantitative data represents measurable values, often expressed numerically
• What are examples of quantitative data in environmental science?

  Temperature, rainfall, pH levels
• Which type of data can be analyzed using statistical tools and mathematical models?

  Quantitative data
• What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?

  Summarize and describe data
• Which measure of central tendency represents the middle value when data is arranged in order?

  Median
• The choice of graph or chart depends on the type of data being presented


  True
• A bar chart is used to compare quantitative data between different categories
• Graphs and charts are chosen based on the type of data
• A line graph is suitable for showing the relationship between two quantitative variables.

  False
• Match the graph type with its appropriate use:

  Scatter Plot ↔️ Showing the relationship between two quantitative variables

  Pie Chart ↔️ Illustrating the proportional composition of qualitative data
• Hypothesis testing determines if a claim about a population parameter is supported by data
• What does a p-value represent in hypothesis testing?

  Probability of observed results
• Quantitative data includes examples such as the color of soil or types of vegetation.

  False
• Match the type of data with its examples:

  Quantitative Data ↔️ Temperature, rainfall, pH levels

  Qualitative Data ↔️ Color of soil, types of vegetation
• Steps to calculate the mean of a dataset

  1️⃣ Sum all values in the dataset

  2️⃣ Divide the sum by the total number of values
• The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset