7.6 Evidence of Evolution

• What is the definition of evolution as it relates to organisms?

  Change in genetic makeup
• Evolution applies to individual organisms rather than populations.

  False
• The fossil record consists of preserved remains or traces of organisms from the past
• Match the type of anatomical structure with its description:

  Homologous structures ↔️ Shared ancestry, different functions

  Analogous structures ↔️ Independent evolution, similar functions
• The forelimbs of mammals are examples of homologous
• What does the fossil record reveal about the evolutionary history of organisms?

  Gradual transformations
• What is the focus of comparative anatomy in evolutionary studies?

  Structural similarities and differences
• Comparative embryology provides evidence for evolution by revealing shared developmental pathways
• Match the concept in molecular biology with its significance in evolutionary studies:

  Conserved sequences ↔️ Shared evolutionary history

  Protein similarities ↔️ Changes in structure and function
• Conserved sequences in DNA and proteins indicate a shared evolutionary history
• Give an example of conserved genes in humans and chimpanzees.

  Conserved hemoglobin genes
• Evolution is driven by factors such as natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift
• What is the fossil record composed of?

  Preserved remains and traces
• What is an example of a transitional fossil that links major groups?

  Archaeopteryx
• Natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift are key drivers of evolution
• How does the fossil record provide evidence for evolution?

  Chronological sequence of species
• The fossil record is complete and shows every evolutionary transition.

  False
• What is an example of analogous structures in different organisms?

  Wings of insects and birds
• Analogous structures indicate common ancestry.

  False
• Fossils can be composed of bones, shells, plant matter, imprints, or casts
• Homologous structures perform the same function in all organisms.

  False
• What do early limb buds in human embryos suggest about common ancestry?

  Shared developmental pathways
• What does molecular biology compare to provide evidence for evolution?

  DNA and protein sequences
• Protein similarities reveal how structures and functions have changed over time.


  True
• What is evolution defined as?

  Change in heritable traits
• Evolution applies to populations, not individual organisms.


  True
• Order the ways the fossil record provides evidence for evolution.

  1️⃣ Demonstrates sequences of species over time

  2️⃣ Illustrates transitional forms

  3️⃣ Reveals extinction events
• The fossil record is complete and captures the full evolutionary history of all organisms.

  False
• The fossil record is only a partial picture of evolutionary history due to its incompleteness
• The fossil record is complete because all organisms fossilize well.

  False
• Match the key aspects of the fossil record with their descriptions:

  Definition ↔️ Preserved remains or traces of organisms

  Composition ↔️ Bones, shells, plant matter

  Significance ↔️ Illustrates evolutionary transitions

  Limitations ↔️ Incomplete due to preservation conditions
• Homologous structures are similar in structure due to common ancestry
• Give an example of homologous structures.

  Forelimbs of mammals
• Match the features of homologous and analogous structures:

  Origin of homologous structures ↔️ Common ancestor

  Structure of analogous structures ↔️ Different

  Function of homologous structures ↔️ Varied

  Example of analogous structures ↔️ Wings of insects and birds
• Comparative embryology reveals shared developmental pathways suggesting common ancestry
• Which group retains a tail throughout life as embryos develop?

  Fish
• Comparative embryology provides evidence of evolution by revealing shared developmental pathways among related species.

  True
• Conserved sequences in molecular biology reflect common ancestry, while protein similarities reflect evolutionary divergence
• Biogeography studies the geographic distribution of living organisms and the factors influencing it.


  True
• What does endemism refer to in biogeography?

  Restriction of a species