6.6 Gene Expression and Cell Specialization

• What is gene expression?

  Creating functional products from genes
• Transcription involves copying DNA into mRNA.


  True
• Match the stage of gene expression with its definition:

  Transcription ↔️ DNA sequence is copied into mRNA

  Translation ↔️ mRNA is decoded to create protein
• What enzyme is responsible for DNA replication?

  DNA polymerase
• Steps of transcription

  1️⃣ RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region

  2️⃣ DNA double helix is unwound

  3️⃣ mRNA is synthesized

  4️⃣ mRNA is processed and transported out of the nucleus
• Transcription factors are proteins that bind to DNA sequences to control transcription.
• Match the RNA processing modification with its purpose:

  Splicing ↔️ Removes non-coding regions

  Polyadenylation ↔️ Adds a tail to mRNA
• Gene expression is essential for cell specialization and development.

  True
• What happens during replication in the Central Dogma?

  DNA is copied
• The flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein is critical for cellular function and development.


  True
• The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology describes the flow of genetic information within a biological system.
• Translation occurs in the nucleus.

  False
• The Central Dogma involves three key processes: replication, transcription, and translation.
• The Central Dogma is critical for maintaining genetic information.


  True
• What molecule delivers amino acids during translation?

  tRNA
• What is the role of epigenetic factors in gene expression?

  Modify DNA structure
• mRNA is translated into protein by ribosomes
• The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology describes the fundamental flow of genetic information within a biological system.
• During transcription, DNA is copied into mRNA
• Phases of transcription in the correct order

  1️⃣ Initiation

  2️⃣ Elongation

  3️⃣ Termination
• Transcription terminates when RNA polymerase detaches at the termination sequence.
• What is added to the peptide chain during translation elongation?

  Amino acids
• What do transcription factors bind to in DNA to regulate transcription?

  Promoters
• Steps of RNA processing in the correct order

  1️⃣ Splicing

  2️⃣ Capping

  3️⃣ Polyadenylation
• Cell specialization allows for the efficient division of labor within a multicellular organism.
• Where does mRNA transport the genetic code after transcription?

  Cytoplasm
• What regulatory mechanism ensures the right amount of protein is produced at the right time?

  Gene expression
• Muscle cells contract to enable movement in organisms.
• Cell specialization allows multicellular organisms to perform complex functions that a single cell could not achieve alone.


  True
• Where does RNA polymerase bind to initiate transcription?

  Promoter region
• Transcription takes place in the cytoplasm.

  False
• During translation initiation, ribosomes bind to mRNA
• Translation follows transcription in the central dogma.


  True
• Epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation modify DNA structure without changing the sequence itself.
• What type of small RNAs can degrade mRNA to regulate gene expression?

  MicroRNAs
• Gene expression involves transcription and translation as described by the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology.


  True
• Match the regulatory factors with their key mechanisms:

  Transcription factors ↔️ Bind to DNA sequences

  Epigenetic factors ↔️ Modify DNA structure

  RNA processing ↔️ Alter mRNA stability

  Small RNAs ↔️ Degrade mRNA or block translation
• Nerve cells transmit electrical signals for communication in multicellular organisms.

  True
• Which specialized cells transport oxygen throughout the body?

  Red blood cells