6.4 Translation

• Translation is the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce a specific protein.
• What molecule carries the genetic code for translation?

  mRNA
• Match the component of translation with its role:

  mRNA ↔️ Template for protein synthesis

  tRNA ↔️ Brings amino acids to ribosome

  Ribosomes ↔️ Structural framework for translation
• A codon is a three-nucleotide sequence on the mRNA that specifies an amino acid.
• What is the term for the three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA that complements the mRNA codon?

  Anticodon
• tRNA brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codons.
• The anticodon on tRNA matches the codon on mRNA.


  True
• What carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome?

  mRNA
• Ribosomes provide enzymes for polypeptide chain assembly.

  True
• The codon-anticodon matching mechanism ensures the correct amino acid is brought to the ribosome
• Which tRNA molecule matches with the start codon AUG?

  Methionine
• Stop codons pair with tRNA molecules.

  False
• What binds to stop codons to release the polypeptide chain?

  Release factors
• What is the start codon sequence?

  AUG
• Coupled transcription and translation occurs in prokaryotes.


  True
• Eukaryotic mRNA has a 5' cap and a 3' poly-A tail
• Which enzyme adds phosphate groups to proteins during phosphorylation?

  Kinases
• Translation occurs at ribosomes.


  True
• mRNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome.
• What is the primary function of ribosomes in translation?

  Assemble amino acids
• Codons are found on tRNA molecules.

  False
• Stages of translation in order:

  1️⃣ Initiation

  2️⃣ Elongation

  3️⃣ Termination
• What is the role of tRNA in translation?

  Amino acid delivery
• If the mRNA codon is AUG, the tRNA anticodon will be UAC.
• tRNA brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA codons
• What anticodon pairs with the mRNA codon AUG?

  UAC
• Phases of translation

  1️⃣ Initiation

  2️⃣ Elongation

  3️⃣ Termination
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids during the elongation phase.
• Match the phase of translation with its key steps:

  Initiation ↔️ Start codon recognition

  Elongation ↔️ Peptide bond formation

  Termination ↔️ Polypeptide release
• During elongation, peptide bonds form between amino acids to create a polypeptide
• What is the size of prokaryotic ribosomes?

  70S
• Match the post-translational modification with its effect on protein:

  Phosphorylation ↔️ Activation or deactivation

  Glycosylation ↔️ Improves stability

  Ubiquitination ↔️ Targets for degradation

  Methylation ↔️ Regulates gene expression
• Post-translational modifications are often implicated in disease.


  True