8.4.1 Epigenetics

Cards (100)

  • What does epigenetics study?
    Heritable changes in gene expression
  • Epigenetic mechanisms alter the DNA sequence.
    False
  • Histone modifications include acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation.phosphorylation
  • What role do non-coding RNAs play in epigenetics?
    Regulate gene expression
  • Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance occurs when epigenetic marks are transmitted from one generation to the next.transgenerational
  • How is the histone code transmitted in heritability?
    Through histone modifications
  • Match the epigenetic mechanism with its description:
    DNA methylation ↔️ Represses gene expression
    Histone modifications ↔️ Alters chromatin structure
    Chromatin remodeling ↔️ Rearranges nucleosomes
  • DNA methylation makes DNA more accessible for transcription.
    False
  • Epigenetic mechanisms control gene expression by modifying the chromatin structure and accessibility of genes.accessibility
  • How does DNA methylation affect gene expression?
    Represses gene expression
  • What does chromatin remodeling achieve in epigenetics?
    Alters DNA accessibility
  • Order the roles of epigenetic processes in gene expression
    1️⃣ Development
    2️⃣ Cellular differentiation
    3️⃣ Response to environmental factors
  • What is meant by heritability in epigenetics?
    Transmission of epigenetic marks
  • DNA methylation can be maintained through DNA replication and inherited.

    True
  • Why is the stability of epigenetic changes crucial?
    Maintaining inherited gene expression
  • DNA methylation often occurs at CpG dinucleotides.dinucleotides
  • What is the effect of environmental factors on epigenetic changes?
    Modifies gene expression patterns
  • Small RNAs, like microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, can direct epigenetic changes or directly regulate gene expression
  • What is DNA methylation and what effect does it have on gene expression?
    Methyl groups added to cytosine, repressing gene expression
  • DNA methylation patterns established during development can be inherited through cell divisions.

    True
  • Match the histone modification with its effect:
    Acetylation ↔️ Opens chromatin, increases gene expression
    Methylation ↔️ Can open or close chromatin
    Phosphorylation ↔️ Influences chromatin structure
    Ubiquitylation ↔️ Marks proteins for degradation
  • Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence
  • Heritability in epigenetics refers to the ability of epigenetic marks to be passed across generations without changing the DNA sequence.
    True
  • What is the significance of the stability of epigenetic changes?
    Maintaining inherited gene expression patterns
  • Steps in the process of chromatin remodeling:
    1️⃣ ATP-dependent rearrangement of nucleosomes
    2️⃣ DNA becomes more or less accessible
    3️⃣ Transcription factors can bind or release
  • DNA methylation often occurs at cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides
  • What is DNA methylation and what does it involve?
    Addition of methyl groups
  • DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are enzymes that mediate DNA methylation.
    True
  • What are histone modifications and how do they affect chromatin structure?
    Post-translational modifications of histones
  • What are microRNAs (miRNAs) and what is their role in gene expression?
    Small non-coding RNA molecules
  • Environmentally-induced epigenetic changes can be heritable and influence offspring phenotypes.

    True
  • What is epigenetics and what is its focus?
    Heritable changes in gene expression
  • What is heritability in epigenetics and why is it significant?
    Ability of epigenetic marks to be passed on
  • Match the heritable epigenetic marker with its role:
    DNA methylation ↔️ Maintained through DNA replication
    Histone modifications ↔️ Transmitted through the histone code
  • Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance occurs when epigenetic marks are transmitted from one generation to the next, influencing the phenotype
  • All epigenetic marks are transient and reversible.
    False
  • DNA methylation involves the addition of methyl groups to cytosine
  • Steps in DNA methylation mediated by DNMTs
    1️⃣ DNMTs add methyl groups to DNA
    2️⃣ Chromatin structure compacts
    3️⃣ Transcription factors cannot bind
    4️⃣ Gene expression is repressed
  • What are histone modifications?
    Post-translational modifications of histones
  • Match the histone modification with its effect:
    Methylation ↔️ Can open or close chromatin
    Phosphorylation ↔️ Influences chromatin structure