8.4.1 Epigenetics

    Cards (100)

    • What does epigenetics study?
      Heritable changes in gene expression
    • Epigenetic mechanisms alter the DNA sequence.
      False
    • Histone modifications include acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation.phosphorylation
    • What role do non-coding RNAs play in epigenetics?
      Regulate gene expression
    • Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance occurs when epigenetic marks are transmitted from one generation to the next.transgenerational
    • How is the histone code transmitted in heritability?
      Through histone modifications
    • Match the epigenetic mechanism with its description:
      DNA methylation ↔️ Represses gene expression
      Histone modifications ↔️ Alters chromatin structure
      Chromatin remodeling ↔️ Rearranges nucleosomes
    • DNA methylation makes DNA more accessible for transcription.
      False
    • Epigenetic mechanisms control gene expression by modifying the chromatin structure and accessibility of genes.accessibility
    • How does DNA methylation affect gene expression?
      Represses gene expression
    • What does chromatin remodeling achieve in epigenetics?
      Alters DNA accessibility
    • Order the roles of epigenetic processes in gene expression
      1️⃣ Development
      2️⃣ Cellular differentiation
      3️⃣ Response to environmental factors
    • What is meant by heritability in epigenetics?
      Transmission of epigenetic marks
    • DNA methylation can be maintained through DNA replication and inherited.

      True
    • Why is the stability of epigenetic changes crucial?
      Maintaining inherited gene expression
    • DNA methylation often occurs at CpG dinucleotides.dinucleotides
    • What is the effect of environmental factors on epigenetic changes?
      Modifies gene expression patterns
    • Small RNAs, like microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, can direct epigenetic changes or directly regulate gene expression
    • What is DNA methylation and what effect does it have on gene expression?
      Methyl groups added to cytosine, repressing gene expression
    • DNA methylation patterns established during development can be inherited through cell divisions.

      True
    • Match the histone modification with its effect:
      Acetylation ↔️ Opens chromatin, increases gene expression
      Methylation ↔️ Can open or close chromatin
      Phosphorylation ↔️ Influences chromatin structure
      Ubiquitylation ↔️ Marks proteins for degradation
    • Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence
    • Heritability in epigenetics refers to the ability of epigenetic marks to be passed across generations without changing the DNA sequence.
      True
    • What is the significance of the stability of epigenetic changes?
      Maintaining inherited gene expression patterns
    • Steps in the process of chromatin remodeling:
      1️⃣ ATP-dependent rearrangement of nucleosomes
      2️⃣ DNA becomes more or less accessible
      3️⃣ Transcription factors can bind or release
    • DNA methylation often occurs at cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides
    • What is DNA methylation and what does it involve?
      Addition of methyl groups
    • DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are enzymes that mediate DNA methylation.
      True
    • What are histone modifications and how do they affect chromatin structure?
      Post-translational modifications of histones
    • What are microRNAs (miRNAs) and what is their role in gene expression?
      Small non-coding RNA molecules
    • Environmentally-induced epigenetic changes can be heritable and influence offspring phenotypes.

      True
    • What is epigenetics and what is its focus?
      Heritable changes in gene expression
    • What is heritability in epigenetics and why is it significant?
      Ability of epigenetic marks to be passed on
    • Match the heritable epigenetic marker with its role:
      DNA methylation ↔️ Maintained through DNA replication
      Histone modifications ↔️ Transmitted through the histone code
    • Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance occurs when epigenetic marks are transmitted from one generation to the next, influencing the phenotype
    • All epigenetic marks are transient and reversible.
      False
    • DNA methylation involves the addition of methyl groups to cytosine
    • Steps in DNA methylation mediated by DNMTs
      1️⃣ DNMTs add methyl groups to DNA
      2️⃣ Chromatin structure compacts
      3️⃣ Transcription factors cannot bind
      4️⃣ Gene expression is repressed
    • What are histone modifications?
      Post-translational modifications of histones
    • Match the histone modification with its effect:
      Methylation ↔️ Can open or close chromatin
      Phosphorylation ↔️ Influences chromatin structure