5.2.2 Kidney function

• Match the part of the nephron with its function:

  Bowman's Capsule ↔️ Filtration of blood plasma

  Proximal Convoluted Tubule ↔️ Reabsorption of essential molecules

  Loop of Henle ↔️ Maintenance of a salt gradient

  Distal Convoluted Tubule ↔️ Secretion and reabsorption of ions

  Collecting Duct ↔️ Final reabsorption of water
• Where does filtration of blood plasma occur in the nephron?

  Glomerulus
• Proteins are present in the glomerular filtrate.

  False
• Which molecule is present in both blood plasma and glomerular filtrate?

  Glucose
• Match the part of the nephron with its function:

  Bowman's Capsule ↔️ Filtration of blood plasma

  Proximal Convoluted Tubule ↔️ Reabsorption of essential molecules

  Loop of Henle ↔️ Maintenance of a salt gradient

  Distal Convoluted Tubule ↔️ Secretion and reabsorption of ions

  Collecting Duct ↔️ Final reabsorption of water
• Proteins are absent in the glomerular filtrate.


  True
• What is the network of capillaries located within the Bowman's capsule of the nephron called?

  Glomerulus
• Proteins are present in the glomerular filtrate.

  False
• The glomerular membrane allows small molecules and ions to pass through while retaining larger molecules like proteins and blood cells.
• What percentage of water is reabsorbed in the PCT, and by what mechanism?

  65% by osmosis
• Steps in the Loop of Henle process

  1️⃣ Water exits the descending limb by osmosis

  2️⃣ Ion concentration increases in the descending limb

  3️⃣ Ions are reabsorbed in the ascending limb

  4️⃣ Water reabsorption is fine-tuned
• The ascending limb of the Loop of Henle reduces the solute concentration within the tubule.


  True
• Match the part of the nephron with its function:

  Bowman's Capsule ↔️ Filtration of blood plasma

  Loop of Henle ↔️ Maintenance of salt gradient

  Distal Convoluted Tubule ↔️ Secretion and reabsorption of ions

  Collecting Duct ↔️ Final reabsorption of water
• Proteins are absent in the glomerular filtrate.


  True
• Steps in the reabsorption process in the PCT

  1️⃣ Water is reabsorbed by osmosis

  2️⃣ Glucose is reabsorbed by active transport

  3️⃣ Amino acids are reabsorbed by active transport

  4️⃣ Ions are reabsorbed by active and passive transport
• Approximately 65% of ions are reabsorbed in the PCT by active and passive transport.
• What percentage of water is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

  65%
• Reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule is essential for maintaining fluid and solute balance in the body.


  True
• Match the limb of the Loop of Henle with its permeability and function:

  Descending limb ↔️ High water permeability, reabsorbs water via osmosis

  Ascending limb ↔️ High ion permeability, reduces solute concentration
• What is the role of the Loop of Henle in water balance?

  Maintains a salt gradient
• What is the purpose of selective reabsorption and secretion in the distal convoluted tubule?

  Maintain homeostasis
• Which hormone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body?

  Aldosterone
• Steps in the process of urine formation in the collecting duct

  1️⃣ Filtrate enters from multiple nephrons

  2️⃣ Water reabsorption occurs via osmosis

  3️⃣ Final composition of urine is formed

  4️⃣ Urine is passed to the renal pelvis
• Urea in urine is a nitrogenous waste
• The functional unit of the kidney responsible for excretion and maintaining homeostasis is the nephron
• Arrange the parts of the nephron in the correct order from filtration to excretion:

  1️⃣ Bowman's Capsule

  2️⃣ Proximal Convoluted Tubule

  3️⃣ Loop of Henle

  4️⃣ Distal Convoluted Tubule

  5️⃣ Collecting Duct
• The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy adult is approximately 125 mL/min.
• Red blood cells are absent in the glomerular filtrate.


  True
• The glomerular membrane allows small molecules and ions to pass through while retaining larger molecules like proteins and blood cells.
• What type of membrane acts as a selective barrier in the glomerulus?

  Glomerular membrane
• Where is most of the filtrate reabsorbed in the nephron?

  Proximal convoluted tubule
• The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy adult is approximately 125 mL/min.
• Which ions are present in both blood plasma and glomerular filtrate?

  Na+ and K+
• Significant reabsorption of filtrate occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).


  True
• Match the substance with its reabsorption mechanism in the PCT:

  Water ↔️ Osmosis

  Glucose ↔️ Active Transport

  Ions ↔️ Active and Passive Transport
• The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is highly permeable to water but impermeable to ions.
• What is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for excretion and maintaining homeostasis?

  Nephron
• Filtration occurs in the glomerulus, a capillary network within the Bowman's capsule.
• Which substance is present in both blood plasma and glomerular filtrate?

  Glucose
• Reabsorption in the PCT is crucial for maintaining fluid and solute balance in the body.

  True