2.3 Structure and bonding of carbon

• Carbon bonds in a tetrahedral arrangement are oriented at approximately 109.5 degrees.


  True
• A single bond uses one hybrid orbital in carbon.


  True
• Single bonds are the weakest
• What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral arrangement of carbon bonds?

  109.5 degrees
• A single bond involves sharing one pair of electrons.


  True
• Alkenes contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

  True
• The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n
• Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of a double bond.

  True
• The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n
• Match the alkene with its structure:

  Ethene ↔️ H₂C=CH₂

  Propene ↔️ CH₃-CH=CH₂

  Butene ↔️ CH₃-CH₂-CH=CH₂
• Carbon forms four covalent bonds due to its electronic configuration
• What process allows carbon to form hybrid orbitals for bonding?

  Hybridization
• A single bond is formed using one hybrid orbital
• What are the three main types of covalent bonds formed by carbon?

  Single, double, triple
• A double bond shares two electron pairs between carbon atoms.


  True
• Match the alkane with its structure:

  Methane ↔️ CH₄

  Ethane ↔️ CH₃-CH₃

  Propane ↔️ CH₃-CH₂-CH₃
• Alkanes are essential in organic chemistry and as energy sources.


  True
• The double bond in alkenes consists of a sigma bond and a pi bond
• What type of bond do alkynes contain between carbon atoms?

  Triple bond
• Match the alkyne with its structure:

  Ethyne (Acetylene) ↔️ H-C≡C-H

  Propyne ↔️ CH₃-C≡CH

  Butyne ↔️ CH₃-CH₂-C≡CH
• What are some applications of alkynes due to their chemical properties?

  Plastics and fuels
• What type of bonds are present in the triple bond of alkynes?

  One sigma and two pi
• The triple bond in alkynes allows for chemical reactions such as the production of plastics and fuels


  True
• What are the two primary types of isomerism?

  Structural and stereoisomers
• Stereoisomers have the same atomic connectivity but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms
• Alkanes exhibit structural isomerism due to different branching patterns.


  True
• What are allotropes?

  Different structural forms of an element
• Carbon compounds exhibit distinct properties influenced by their structures and bond types
• Graphite is a good electrical conductor.


  True
• What is the appearance of graphite?

  Opaque, black/grey
• Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are all highly flammable
• What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral arrangement of carbon bonds?

  109.5 degrees
• A double bond in carbon has two shared electron pairs.

  True
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  $C_{n}H_{2n + 2}$
• What is the structure of methane?

  $CH_{4}$
• What type of bonds make up a double bond in alkenes?

  Sigma and pi bond
• What is the structure of ethene?

  $H_{2}C =$$CH_{2}$
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  $C_{n}H_{2n}$
• The double bond in alkenes is stronger than a single
• What is the general formula for alkynes?

  $C_{n}H_{2n - 2}$