2.2.6 Cancer

• Cancer cells fail to differentiate into specialized cell types.
• Match the gene type with its function:

  Proto-oncogenes ↔️ Promote cell growth

  Tumor suppressor genes ↔️ Inhibit cell growth
• Mutations in proto-oncogenes can lead to the formation of oncogenes
• Order the following cancer types from most to least common, based on their origin:

  1️⃣ Carcinoma

  2️⃣ Sarcoma

  3️⃣ Leukemia

  4️⃣ Lymphoma

  5️⃣ Melanoma
• What happens to proto-oncogenes when they mutate in cancer cells?

  They become oncogenes
• Environmental factors such as radiation and chemicals can increase the risk of cancer.


  True
• When mutated, tumor suppressor genes lose their ability to inhibit cell growth
• DNA mutations are the primary cause of cells becoming cancerous.


  True
• Match the gene type with its function and mutation consequence:

  Proto-oncogenes ↔️ Promote cell growth ||| Become oncogenes, accelerating growth

  Tumor suppressor genes ↔️ Inhibit growth, repair DNA ||| Lose control, allowing uncontrolled growth
• Carcinomas originate from epithelial cells.
• Cancer is primarily caused by DNA mutations that affect proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.


  True
• Cancer cells often fail to differentiate into specialized cell types.
• Early detection of cancer improves treatment outcomes and patient survival.


  True
• Match the treatment with its goal:

  Surgery ↔️ Cure or control cancer

  Radiation therapy ↔️ Kill cancer cells

  Targeted therapy ↔️ Slow tumor growth

  Immunotherapy ↔️ Boost immune system
• What is the key characteristic of cancer cells in terms of division?

  Uncontrolled cell division
• The uncontrolled growth of cancer cells can destroy healthy tissues and organs.


  True
• Which environmental factors can increase the risk of DNA mutations leading to cancer?

  Radiation, chemicals, viruses
• Mutations in tumor suppressor genes can allow uncontrolled cell growth.


  True
• Match the cancer type with its origin:

  Carcinoma ↔️ Epithelial cells

  Sarcoma ↔️ Connective tissues

  Leukemia ↔️ Bone marrow

  Lymphoma ↔️ Lymphatic system
• Mutations in tumor suppressor genes can lead to a loss of control
• What is the mutation consequence of tumor suppressor genes in cancer cells?

  Uncontrolled growth
• Cancer cells lack the normal mechanisms that regulate cell division
• Proto-oncogenes, when mutated, become oncogenes
• Exposure to environmental factors can increase the risk of DNA mutations and cancer development.


  True
• Match the cancer type with its origin:

  Carcinoma ↔️ Epithelial cells

  Sarcoma ↔️ Connective tissues

  Leukemia ↔️ Bone marrow

  Lymphoma ↔️ Lymphatic system

  Melanoma ↔️ Skin pigment cells
• Environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses can increase the risk of DNA mutations
• Match the detection method with its description:

  Physical examination ↔️ Identifies abnormal growths

  Imaging tests ↔️ Visualizes tumors

  Biopsy ↔️ Analyzes suspicious tissue

  Blood tests ↔️ Detects cancer markers
• Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth.
• The goals of cancer management include cure, remission, or palliation depending on the stage and type of cancer.

  True