10.2 Diagnostic ultrasound

• Diagnostic ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves
• Steps in the principle of ultrasound imaging

  1️⃣ Sound wave generation by a transducer

  2️⃣ Reflection and refraction at tissue interfaces

  3️⃣ Echo detection by the transducer

  4️⃣ Conversion of echoes into electrical signals

  5️⃣ Image formation by processing signals
• The Doppler effect in ultrasound is used to measure the velocity of moving structures
• Diagnostic ultrasound is considered safer than X-rays because it does not use ionizing radiation.


  True
• Higher frequency ultrasound provides better image resolution but less penetration depth
• Steps in image generation during diagnostic ultrasound

  1️⃣ Sound wave generation by the transducer

  2️⃣ Reflection and refraction at tissue interfaces

  3️⃣ Echo detection by the transducer

  4️⃣ Conversion of echoes into electrical signals

  5️⃣ Image processing by the ultrasound machine
• Echoes are detected by the transducer
• The Doppler effect measures the velocity of moving structures by detecting changes in the frequency of reflected sound waves
• What is the typical frequency range of sound waves used in diagnostic ultrasound?

  2-20 MHz
• Sound waves in diagnostic ultrasound only reflect at tissue interfaces

  False
• Diagnostic ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique


  True
• Steps in the principle of ultrasound imaging

  1️⃣ Electrical energy is converted into sound waves

  2️⃣ Sound waves travel through the body

  3️⃣ Echoes are detected at tissue interfaces

  4️⃣ Echoes are processed to form an image
• Sound waves in diagnostic ultrasound are always reflected at tissue interfaces

  False
• Diagnostic ultrasound uses sound waves in the frequency range of 2-20 MHz
• Steps in the process of image generation in diagnostic ultrasound

  1️⃣ Sound waves are generated by the transducer

  2️⃣ Waves travel through the body and reflect/refract

  3️⃣ Reflected echoes are detected by the transducer

  4️⃣ Echoes are processed to create a visual image
• As sound waves travel through the body, they reflect and refract at the interfaces between different tissues
• What type of ultrasound technique is used to measure blood flow velocity?

  Doppler ultrasound
• M-mode ultrasound is used to measure the motion of structures over time

  True
• M-mode ultrasound measures the motion of structures over time
• What does 3D/4D ultrasound add to basic 2D imaging?

  Real-time video
• What is one key use of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology?

  Monitoring fetal development
• Match the ultrasound application with its use:

  Cardiology ↔️ Detecting heart valve issues

  Vascular ↔️ Detecting blood clots

  Abdominal Imaging ↔️ Examining the liver
• The ALARA principle in ultrasound minimizes sound intensity and exposure time.


  True
• What is diagnostic ultrasound used for in medicine?

  Creating images of internal structures
• Diagnostic ultrasound uses ionizing radiation, making it unsafe for pregnant women.

  False
• What frequency range is typically used in diagnostic ultrasound?

  2-20 MHz
• Match the medical imaging technique with its key feature:

  Diagnostic Ultrasound ↔️ No ionizing radiation

  X-rays ↔️ Ionizing radiation

  CT Scans ↔️ 3D static images
• What is the piezoelectric effect used in ultrasound transducers?

  Producing sound waves from electricity
• How does the Doppler effect measure blood flow velocity in ultrasound?

  By detecting frequency changes
• Steps in image formation in diagnostic ultrasound

  1️⃣ Echoes are detected by the transducer

  2️⃣ Reflected echoes are converted into electrical signals

  3️⃣ Electrical signals are processed by the ultrasound machine

  4️⃣ A visual image is created on the display
• Diagnostic ultrasound uses ionizing radiation to create images

  False
• The piezoelectric effect converts electrical energy into high-frequency sound waves using a transducer
• Match the process with its description:

  Reflection ↔️ Echoes are detected at tissue interfaces

  Refraction ↔️ Sound waves change direction

  Absorption ↔️ Sound energy is converted to heat
• What are the advantages of diagnostic ultrasound over other imaging techniques?

  Non-invasive, real-time, no radiation
• The transducer converts electrical energy into sound waves in the frequency range of 2 to 20 MHz
• Match the effect with its application:

  Reflection ↔️ Creating 2D images of tissues

  Refraction ↔️ Sound waves change direction

  Doppler effect ↔️ Measuring blood flow velocity
• What is the key component of an ultrasound machine that generates and detects sound waves?

  Transducer
• Higher frequency sound waves in ultrasound have better penetration depth but lower resolution

  False
• The time it takes for echoes to return in ultrasound is used to determine the depth and location of tissue interfaces


  True
• B-mode ultrasound uses reflected sound waves to create a 2D image of internal structures