3.1 Understanding Logical Reasoning

• Logical reasoning contrasts with emotional decision-making.


  True
• Deductive reasoning starts with a general principle and moves to a specific conclusion
• Steps in inductive reasoning

  1️⃣ Specific observations

  2️⃣ Generalization to a broader conclusion
• The conclusion in inductive reasoning is guaranteed to be true.

  False
• Premises are the reasons or evidence used to support the claim in an argument.


  True
• Valid reasoning ensures that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true
• What does inductive reasoning generalize from?

  Specific observations
• Deductive reasoning starts with a general principle or premise
• Analyzing arguments using logical principles involves identifying the claim, premises, and conclusion
• Evaluating the logic of an argument involves assessing if the premises support the conclusion.


  True
• What is an example of valid reasoning?

  All cats are mammals
• Invalid reasoning can lead to false conclusions even with true premises.


  True
• The ad hominem fallacy attacks the person rather than the argument
• A hasty generalization draws a conclusion based on insufficient evidence
• Sufficient evidence in an argument includes credible data and facts.


  True
• The ad hominem fallacy is an example of a logical fallacy
• Logical reasoning uses facts, evidence, and sound principles to draw conclusions
• If the premises in deductive reasoning are true and the logic is valid, the conclusion must also be true.


  True
• Inductive reasoning starts with specific observations and generalizes to a broader conclusion
• When analyzing an argument, the main point the author is trying to convince you of is called the claim
• Match the key components of an argument with their definitions:

  Claim ↔️ Main point the author is making

  Premises ↔️ Reasons or evidence to support the claim

  Conclusion ↔️ What the author wants you to believe
• Validity ensures that the conclusion is true if the premises are true
• Inductive reasoning guarantees a true conclusion.

  False
• What ensures the conclusion in deductive reasoning is true?

  Valid logic
• What is the main point the author is trying to convince you of called?

  Claim
• Valid reasoning ensures that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.
• Match the type of reasoning with its definition:

  Valid Reasoning ↔️ Premises logically lead to a true conclusion

  Invalid Reasoning ↔️ Premises do not guarantee a true conclusion
• What is a logical fallacy?

  Error in reasoning
• What is the straw man fallacy?

  Misrepresenting opponent's position
• What is a characteristic of a strong argument?

  Valid reasoning
• Match the weakness with its example:

  Logical fallacies ↔️ "You can't trust her opinion because she works for an oil company"

  Unsupported claims ↔️ "Cutting taxes will automatically boost the economy"

  Flawed logic ↔️ "Cats have fur, therefore all furry animals are cats"